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An HSI (Homeland Security Investigations) agent typically initiates the investigation, and once there is sufficient evidence, the case is referred to a federal prosecutor for further action.

Regarding the difference between a U.S. Attorney and a federal prosecutor:

- U.S. Attorney: A U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer in their respective judicial district. They are responsible for prosecuting federal crimes and representing the United States in civil litigation. U.S. Attorneys are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
- Federal Prosecutor: Federal prosecutors, often referred to as Assistant U.S. Attorneys (AUSAs), work under the U.S. Attorney to handle the day-to-day prosecution of federal cases. They investigate crimes, issue subpoenas, file charges, and represent the government in court.