Research Article Claim

Another early medieval Icelandic poem, the Hallmundarkviða, makes it clear that Surtr was believed to direct fire giants, in caves below the earth, to cause volcanoes to erupt (Hjartarson 2014; Jónsson 1953; Nordvig 2015; Taggart 2017), suggesting that the world's end would come in Surtr's volcanic flames.


- Ritual responses to catastrophic volcanism in Viking Age Iceland: Reconsidering Surtshellir Cave through Bayesian analyses of AMS dates, tephrochronology, and texts (written by Kevin P. Smith, Guðmundur Ólafsson, and Albína Hulda Pálsdóttir, published in Journal of Archaeological Science Volume 126)

Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2020.105316