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Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb

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  1. --------------------------------
  2. File courtesy of Outlaw Labs
  3. --------------------------------
  4.  
  5.  
  6. ============================================================================
  7. -------------------------------------------------
  8. - Documentation and Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb -
  9. -------------------------------------------------
  10. ============================================================================
  11. ______________
  12. / \
  13. <-} DISCLAIMER {->
  14. \______________/
  15.  
  16. The information contained in this file is strictly for academic use
  17. alone. Outlaw Labs will bear no responsibility for any use otherwise. It
  18. would be wise to note that the personnel who design and construct these
  19. devices are skilled physicists and are more knowledgeable in these matters
  20. than any layperson can ever hope to be... Should a layperson attempt to
  21. build a device such as this, chances are s/he would probably kill his/herself
  22. not by a nuclear detonation, but rather through radiation exposure. We here
  23. at Outlaw Labs do not recommend using this file beyond the realm of casual or
  24. academic curiosity.
  25.  
  26.  
  27. ============================================================================
  28.  
  29. -----------------------
  30. -+ Table of Contents +-
  31. -----------------------
  32.  
  33.  
  34. I. The History of the Atomic Bomb
  35. ------------------------------
  36. A). Development (The Manhattan Project)
  37. B). Detonation
  38. 1). Hiroshima
  39. 2). Nagasaki
  40. 3). Byproducts of atomic detonations
  41. 4). Blast Zones
  42.  
  43.  
  44. II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion
  45. ------------------------------
  46. A). Fission (A-Bomb) & Fusion (H-Bomb)
  47. B). U-235, U-238 and Plutonium
  48.  
  49.  
  50. III. The Mechanism of The Bomb
  51. -------------------------
  52. A). Altimeter
  53. B). Air Pressure Detonator
  54. C). Detonating Head(s)
  55. D). Explosive Charge(s)
  56. E). Neutron Deflector
  57. F). Uranium & Plutonium
  58. G). Lead Shield
  59. H). Fuses
  60.  
  61.  
  62. IV. The Diagram of The Bomb
  63. -----------------------
  64. A). The Uranium Bomb
  65. B). The Plutonium Bomb
  66.  
  67.  
  68.  
  69.  
  70. ============================================================================�������������������������������������������������������������������
  71.  
  72. --------------------------------
  73. File courtesy of Outlaw Labs
  74. --------------------------------
  75.  
  76.  
  77.  
  78. I. The History of the Atomic Bomb
  79. ------------------------------
  80.  
  81. On August 2nd 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert
  82. Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several
  83. other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify U-235
  84. with which might in turn be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly
  85. thereafter that the United States Government began the serious undertaking
  86. known only then as the Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project
  87. was committed to expedient research and production that would produce a viable
  88. atomic bomb.
  89.  
  90. The most complicated issue to be addressed was the production of ample
  91. amounts of `enriched' uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time,
  92. Uranium-235 was very hard to extract. In fact, the ratio of conversion from
  93. Uranium ore to Uranium metal is 500:1. An additional drawback is that the 1
  94. part of Uranium that is finally refined from the ore consists of over 99%
  95. Uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To make it even
  96. more difficult, U-235 and U-238 are precisely similar in their chemical
  97. makeup. This proved to be as much of a challenge as separating a solution of
  98. sucrose from a solution of glucose. No ordinary chemical extraction could
  99. separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate
  100. U-235 from U-238. Several scientists at Columbia University managed to solve
  101. this dilemma.
  102.  
  103. A massive enrichment laboratory/plant was constructed at Oak Ridge,
  104. Tennessee. H.C. Urey, along with his associates and colleagues at Columbia
  105. University, devised a system that worked on the principle of gaseous
  106. diffusion. Following this process, Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the
  107. Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process
  108. involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes.
  109.  
  110. Following the first two processes, a gas centrifuge was used to further
  111. separate the lighter U-235 from the heavier non-fissionable U-238 by their
  112. mass. Once all of these procedures had been completed, all that needed to be
  113. done was to put to the test the entire concept behind atomic fission. [For
  114. more information on these procedures of refining Uranium, see Section 3.]
  115.  
  116. Over the course of six years, ranging from 1939 to 1945, more than 2
  117. billion dollars were spent on the Manhattan Project. The formulas for
  118. refining Uranium and putting together a working bomb were created and seen to
  119. their logical ends by some of the greatest minds of our time. Among these
  120. people who unleashed the power of the atomic bomb was J. Robert Oppenheimer.
  121.  
  122. Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He
  123. literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on
  124. this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from
  125. its conception to its completion.
  126.  
  127. Finally the day came when all at Los Alamos would find out whether or not
  128. The Gadget (code-named as such during its development) was either going to be
  129. the colossal dud of the century or perhaps end the war. It all came down to
  130. a fateful morning of midsummer, 1945.
  131.  
  132. At 5:29:45 (Mountain War Time) on July 16th, 1945, in a white blaze that
  133. stretched from the basin of the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico to the
  134. still-dark skies, The Gadget ushered in the Atomic Age. The light of the
  135. explosion then turned orange as the atomic fireball began shooting upwards at
  136. 360 feet per second, reddening and pulsing as it cooled. The characteristic
  137. mushroom cloud of radioactive vapor materialized at 30,000 feet. Beneath the
  138. cloud, all that remained of the soil at the blast site were fragments of jade
  139. green radioactive glass. ...All of this caused by the heat of the reaction.
  140.  
  141. The brilliant light from the detonation pierced the early morning skies
  142. with such intensity that residents from a faraway neighboring community would
  143. swear that the sun came up twice that day. Even more astonishing is that a
  144. blind girl saw the flash 120 miles away.
  145.  
  146. Upon witnessing the explosion, reactions among the people who created
  147. it were mixed. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had been
  148. upset -- as if humankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited.
  149. J. Robert Oppenheimer, though ecstatic about the success of the project,
  150. quoted a remembered fragment from Bhagavad Gita. "I am become Death," he
  151. said, "the destroyer of worlds." Ken Bainbridge, the test director, told
  152. Oppenheimer, "Now we're all sons of bitches."
  153.  
  154. Several participants, shortly after viewing the results, signed petitions
  155. against loosing the monster they had created, but their protests fell on deaf
  156. ears. As it later turned out, the Jornada del Muerto of New Mexico was not
  157. the last site on planet Earth to experience an atomic explosion.
  158.  
  159. As many know, atomic bombs have been used only twice in warfare. The
  160. first and foremost blast site of the atomic bomb is Hiroshima. A Uranium
  161. bomb (which weighed in at over 4 & 1/2 tons) nicknamed "Little Boy" was
  162. dropped on Hiroshima August 6th, 1945. The Aioi Bridge, one of 81 bridges
  163. connecting the seven-branched delta of the Ota River, was the aiming point of
  164. the bomb. Ground Zero was set at 1,980 feet. At 0815 hours, the bomb was
  165. dropped from the Enola Gay. It missed by only 800 feet. At 0816 hours, in
  166. the flash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were
  167. injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion.
  168.  
  169. The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of a
  170. mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. Severe
  171. blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a half
  172. miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of the
  173. blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the final
  174. edge at a little over three miles in diameter. [See diagram below for blast
  175. ranges from the atomic blast.]
  176.  
  177. On August 9th 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as Hiroshima.
  178. Only this time, a Plutonium bomb nicknamed "Fat Man" was dropped on the city.
  179. Even though the "Fat Man" missed by over a mile and a half, it still leveled
  180. nearly half the city. Nagasaki's population dropped in one split-second from
  181. 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured. That
  182. blast was less than 10 kilotons as well. Estimates from physicists who have
  183. studied each atomic explosion state that the bombs that were used had utilized
  184. only 1/10th of 1 percent of their respective explosive capabilities.
  185.  
  186. While the mere explosion from an atomic bomb is deadly enough, its
  187. destructive ability doesn't stop there. Atomic fallout creates another hazard
  188. as well. The rain that follows any atomic detonation is laden with
  189. radioactive particles. Many survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts
  190. succumbed to radiation poisoning due to this occurance.
  191.  
  192. The atomic detonation also has the hidden lethal surprise of affecting
  193. the future generations of those who live through it. Leukemia is among the
  194. greatest of afflictions that are passed on to the offspring of survivors.
  195.  
  196. While the main purpose behind the atomic bomb is obvious, there are many
  197. by-products that have been brought into consideration in the use of all
  198. weapons atomic. With one small atomic bomb, a massive area's communications,
  199. travel and machinery will grind to a dead halt due to the EMP (Electro-
  200. Magnetic Pulse) that is radiated from a high-altitude atomic detonation.
  201. These high-level detonations are hardly lethal, yet they deliver a serious
  202. enough EMP to scramble any and all things electronic ranging from copper wires
  203. all the way up to a computer's CPU within a 50 mile radius.
  204.  
  205. At one time, during the early days of The Atomic Age, it was a popular
  206. notion that one day atomic bombs would one day be used in mining operations
  207. and perhaps aid in the construction of another Panama Canal. Needless to say,
  208. it never came about. Instead, the military applications of atomic destruction
  209. increased. Atomic tests off of the Bikini Atoll and several other sites were
  210. common up until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was introduced. Photos of nuclear
  211. test sites here in the United States can be obtained through the Freedom of
  212. Information Act.
  213.  
  214. ============================================================================
  215.  
  216. - Breakdown of the Atomic Bomb's Blast Zones -
  217. ----------------------------------------------
  218.  
  219.  
  220. .
  221. . .
  222.  
  223.  
  224. . . .
  225. . .
  226. [5] [4] [5]
  227. .
  228. . . . .
  229.  
  230. . . . .
  231.  
  232. . [3] _ [3] .
  233. . . [2] . .
  234. . _._ .
  235. . .~ ~. .
  236. . . [4] . .[2]. [1] .[2]. . [4] . .
  237. . . . .
  238. . ~-.-~ .
  239. . . [2] . .
  240. . [3] - [3] .
  241.  
  242. . . . .
  243.  
  244. . ~ ~ .
  245. ~
  246. [5] . [4] . [5]
  247. .
  248. . .
  249.  
  250.  
  251. . .
  252. .
  253.  
  254.  
  255. ============================================================================
  256.  
  257. - Diagram Outline -
  258. ---------------------
  259.  
  260.  
  261. [1] Vaporization Point
  262. ------------------
  263. Everything is vaporized by the atomic blast. 98% fatalities.
  264. Overpress=25 psi. Wind velocity=320 mph.
  265.  
  266. [2] Total Destruction
  267. -----------------
  268. All structures above ground are destroyed. 90% fatalities.
  269. Overpress=17 psi. Wind velocity=290 mph.
  270.  
  271. [3] Severe Blast Damage
  272. -------------------
  273. Factories and other large-scale building collapse. Severe damage
  274. to highway bridges. Rivers sometimes flow countercurrent.
  275. 65% fatalities, 30% injured.
  276. Overpress=9 psi. Wind velocity=260 mph.
  277.  
  278. [4] Severe Heat Damage
  279. ------------------
  280. Everything flammable burns. People in the area suffocate due to
  281. the fact that most available oxygen is consumed by the fires.
  282. 50% fatalities, 45% injured.
  283. Overpress=6 psi. Wind velocity=140 mph.
  284.  
  285. [5] Severe Fire & Wind Damage
  286. -------------------------
  287. Residency structures are severely damaged. People are blown
  288. around. 2nd and 3rd-degree burns suffered by most survivors.
  289. 15% dead. 50% injured.
  290. Overpress=3 psi. Wind velocity=98 mph.
  291.  
  292.  
  293.  
  294. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  295.  
  296. - Blast Zone Radii -
  297. ----------------------
  298. [3 different bomb types]
  299. ____________________________________________________________________________
  300. ______________________ ______________________ ______________________
  301. | | | | | |
  302. | -[10 KILOTONS]- | | -[1 MEGATON]- | | -[20 MEGATONS]- |
  303. |----------------------| |----------------------| |----------------------|
  304. | Airburst - 1,980 ft | | Airburst - 8,000 ft | | Airburst - 17,500 ft |
  305. |______________________| |______________________| |______________________|
  306. | | | | | |
  307. | [1] 0.5 miles | | [1] 2.5 miles | | [1] 8.75 miles |
  308. | [2] 1 mile | | [2] 3.75 miles | | [2] 14 miles |
  309. | [3] 1.75 miles | | [3] 6.5 miles | | [3] 27 miles |
  310. | [4] 2.5 miles | | [4] 7.75 miles | | [4] 31 miles |
  311. | [5] 3 miles | | [5] 10 miles | | [5] 35 miles |
  312. | | | | | |
  313. |______________________| |______________________| |______________________|
  314. ____________________________________________________________________________
  315.  
  316. ============================================================================
  317.  
  318.  
  319. -End of section 1-
  320.  
  321.  
  322. --------------------------------
  323. File courtesy of Outlaw Labs
  324. --------------------------------
  325.  
  326. II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion
  327. ------------------------------
  328.  
  329.  
  330. There are 2 types of atomic explosions that can be facilitated by U-235;
  331. fission and fusion. Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an
  332. atomic nucleus splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable
  333. mass, with the evolution of approximately 100 million to several hundred
  334. million volts of energy. This energy is expelled explosively and violently in
  335. the atomic bomb. A fusion reaction is invariably started with a fission
  336. reaction, but unlike the fission reaction, the fusion (Hydrogen) bomb derives
  337. its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes in the
  338. formation of helium nuclei. Being that the bomb in this file is strictly
  339. atomic, the other aspects of the Hydrogen Bomb will be set aside for now.
  340.  
  341. The massive power behind the reaction in an atomic bomb arises from the
  342. forces that hold the atom together. These forces are akin to, but not quite
  343. the same as, magnetism.
  344.  
  345. Atoms are comprised of three sub-atomic particles. Protons and neutrons
  346. cluster together to form the nucleus (central mass) of the atom while the
  347. electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets around a sun. It is these
  348. particles that determine the stability of the atom.
  349.  
  350. Most natural elements have very stable atoms which are impossible to
  351. split except by bombardment by particle accelerators. For all practical
  352. purposes, the one true element whose atoms can be split comparatively easily
  353. is the metal Uranium. Uranium's atoms are unusually large, henceforth, it is
  354. hard for them to hold together firmly. This makes Uranium-235 an exceptional
  355. candidate for nuclear fission.
  356.  
  357. Uranium is a heavy metal, heavier than gold, and not only does it have
  358. the largest atoms of any natural element, the atoms that comprise Uranium have
  359. far more neutrons than protons. This does not enhance their capacity to
  360. split, but it does have an important bearing on their capacity to facilitate
  361. an explosion.
  362.  
  363. There are two isotopes of Uranium. Natural Uranium consists mostly of
  364. isotope U-238, which has 92 protons and 146 neutrons (92+146=238). Mixed with
  365. this isotope, one will find a 0.6% accumulation of U-235, which has only 143
  366. neutrons. This isotope, unlike U-238, has atoms that can be split, thus it is
  367. termed "fissionable" and useful in making atomic bombs. Being that U-238 is
  368. neutron-heavy, it reflects neutrons, rather than absorbing them like its
  369. brother isotope, U-235. (U-238 serves no function in an atomic reaction, but
  370. its properties provide an excellent shield for the U-235 in a constructed bomb
  371. as a neutron reflector. This helps prevent an accidental chain reaction
  372. between the larger U-235 mass and its `bullet' counterpart within the bomb.
  373. Also note that while U-238 cannot facilitate a chain-reaction, it can be
  374. neutron-saturated to produce Plutonium (Pu-239). Plutonium is fissionable and
  375. can be used in place of Uranium-235 {albeit, with a different model of
  376. detonator} in an atomic bomb. [See Sections 3 & 4 of this file.])
  377.  
  378. Both isotopes of Uranium are naturally radioactive. Their bulky atoms
  379. disintegrate over a period of time. Given enough time, (over 100,000 years or
  380. more) Uranium will eventually lose so many particles that it will turn into
  381. the metal lead. However, this process can be accelerated. This process is
  382. known as the chain reaction. Instead of disintegrating slowly, the atoms are
  383. forcibly split by neutrons forcing their way into the nucleus. A U-235 atom
  384. is so unstable that a blow from a single neutron is enough to split it and
  385. henceforth bring on a chain reaction. This can happen even when a critical
  386. mass is present. When this chain reaction occurs, the Uranium atom splits
  387. into two smaller atoms of different elements, such as Barium and Krypton.
  388.  
  389. When a U-235 atom splits, it gives off energy in the form of heat and
  390. Gamma radiation, which is the most powerful form of radioactivity and the most
  391. lethal. When this reaction occurs, the split atom will also give off two or
  392. three of its `spare' neutrons, which are not needed to make either Barium or
  393. Krypton. These spare neutrons fly out with sufficient force to split other
  394. atoms they come in contact with. [See chart below] In theory, it is
  395. necessary to split only one U-235 atom, and the neutrons from this will split
  396. other atoms, which will split more...so on and so forth. This progression
  397. does not take place arithmetically, but geometrically. All of this will
  398. happen within a millionth of a second.
  399.  
  400. The minimum amount to start a chain reaction as described above is known
  401. as SuperCritical Mass. The actual mass needed to facilitate this chain
  402. reaction depends upon the purity of the material, but for pure U-235, it is
  403. 110 pounds (50 kilograms), but no Uranium is never quite pure, so in reality
  404. more will be needed.
  405.  
  406. Uranium is not the only material used for making atomic bombs. Another
  407. material is the element Plutonium, in its isotope Pu-239. Plutonium is not
  408. found naturally (except in minute traces) and is always made from Uranium.
  409. The only way to produce Plutonium from Uranium is to process U-238 through a
  410. nuclear reactor. After a period of time, the intense radioactivity causes the
  411. metal to pick up extra particles, so that more and more of its atoms turn into
  412. Plutonium.
  413.  
  414. Plutonium will not start a fast chain reaction by itself, but this
  415. difficulty is overcome by having a neutron source, a highly radioactive
  416. material that gives off neutrons faster than the Plutonium itself. In certain
  417. types of bombs, a mixture of the elements Beryllium and Polonium is used to
  418. bring about this reaction. Only a small piece is needed. The material is not
  419. fissionable in and of itself, but merely acts as a catalyst to the greater
  420. reaction.
  421.  
  422.  
  423.  
  424. ============================================================================
  425.  
  426.  
  427. - Diagram of a Chain Reaction -
  428. -------------------------------
  429.  
  430.  
  431.  
  432. |
  433. |
  434. |
  435. |
  436. [1]------------------------------> o
  437.  
  438. . o o .
  439. . o_0_o . <-----------------------[2]
  440. . o 0 o .
  441. . o o .
  442.  
  443. |
  444. \|/
  445. ~
  446.  
  447. . o o. .o o .
  448. [3]-----------------------> . o_0_o"o_0_o .
  449. . o 0 o~o 0 o .
  450. . o o.".o o .
  451. |
  452. / | \
  453. |/_ | _\|
  454. ~~ | ~~
  455. |
  456. o o | o o
  457. [4]-----------------> o_0_o | o_0_o <---------------[5]
  458. o~0~o | o~0~o
  459. o o ) | ( o o
  460. / o \
  461. / [1] \
  462. / \
  463. / \
  464. / \
  465. o [1] [1] o
  466. . o o . . o o . . o o .
  467. . o_0_o . . o_0_o . . o_0_o .
  468. . o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o .
  469. . o o . . o o . . o o .
  470.  
  471. / | \
  472. |/_ \|/ _\|
  473. ~~ ~ ~~
  474.  
  475. . o o. .o o . . o o. .o o . . o o. .o o .
  476. . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o .
  477. . o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o .
  478. . o o.".o o . . o o.".o o . . o o.".o o .
  479. . | . . | . . | .
  480. / | \ / | \ / | \
  481. : | : : | : : | :
  482. : | : : | : : | :
  483. \:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/
  484. ~ | ~ ~ | ~ ~ | ~
  485. [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5]
  486. o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o
  487. o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o
  488. o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o
  489. / | \ / | \ / | \
  490. / | \ / | \ / | \
  491. / | \ / | \ / | \
  492. / | \ / | \ / | \
  493. / o \ / o \ / o \
  494. / [1] \ / [1] \ / [1] \
  495. o o o o o o
  496. [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]
  497.  
  498.  
  499.  
  500.  
  501.  
  502.  
  503. ============================================================================
  504.  
  505.  
  506. - Diagram Outline -
  507. ---------------------
  508.  
  509.  
  510. [1] - Incoming Neutron
  511. [2] - Uranium-235
  512. [3] - Uranium-236
  513. [4] - Barium Atom
  514. [5] - Krypton Atom
  515.  
  516.  
  517.  
  518.  
  519. ===========================================================================
  520.  
  521.  
  522.  
  523. -End of section 2-
  524. -Diagrams & Documentation of the Atomic Bomb-
  525. --------------------------------
  526. File courtesy of Outlaw Labs
  527. --------------------------------
  528.  
  529.  
  530.  
  531. III. The Mechanism of The Bomb
  532. -------------------------
  533.  
  534.  
  535. Altimeter
  536. ---------
  537.  
  538. An ordinary aircraft altimeter uses a type of Aneroid Barometer which
  539. measures the changes in air pressure at different heights. However, changes
  540. in air pressure due to the weather can adversely affect the altimeter's
  541. readings. It is far more favorable to use a radar (or radio) altimeter for
  542. enhanced accuracy when the bomb reaches Ground Zero.
  543.  
  544. While Frequency Modulated-Continuous Wave (FM CW) is more complicated,
  545. the accuracy of it far surpasses any other type of altimeter. Like simple
  546. pulse systems, signals are emitted from a radar aerial (the bomb), bounced off
  547. the ground and received back at the bomb's altimeter. This pulse system
  548. applies to the more advanced altimeter system, only the signal is continuous
  549. and centered around a high frequency such as 4200 MHz. This signal is
  550. arranged to steadily increase at 200 MHz per interval before dropping back to
  551. its original frequency.
  552.  
  553. As the descent of the bomb begins, the altimeter transmitter will send
  554. out a pulse starting at 4200 MHz. By the time that pulse has returned, the
  555. altimeter transmitter will be emitting a higher frequency. The difference
  556. depends on how long the pulse has taken to do the return journey. When these
  557. two frequencies are mixed electronically, a new frequency (the difference
  558. between the two) emerges. The value of this new frequency is measured by the
  559. built-in microchips. This value is directly proportional to the distance
  560. travelled by the original pulse, so it can be used to give the actual height.
  561.  
  562. In practice, a typical FM CW radar today would sweep 120 times per
  563. second. Its range would be up to 10,000 feet (3000 m) over land and 20,000
  564. feet (6000 m) over sea, since sound reflections from water surfaces are
  565. clearer.
  566.  
  567. The accuracy of these altimeters is within 5 feet (1.5 m) for the higher
  568. ranges. Being that the ideal airburst for the atomic bomb is usually set for
  569. 1,980 feet, this error factor is not of enormous concern.
  570.  
  571. The high cost of these radar-type altimeters has prevented their use in
  572. commercial applications, but the decreasing cost of electronic components
  573. should make them competitive with barometric types before too long.
  574.  
  575.  
  576.  
  577. Air Pressure Detonator
  578. ----------------------
  579.  
  580. The air pressure detonator can be a very complex mechanism, but for all
  581. practical purposes, a simpler model can be used. At high altitudes, the air
  582. is of lesser pressure. As the altitude drops, the air pressure increases. A
  583. simple piece of very thin magnetized metal can be used as an air pressure
  584. detonator. All that is needed is for the strip of metal to have a bubble of
  585. extremely thin metal forged in the center and have it placed directly
  586. underneath the electrical contact which will trigger the conventional
  587. explosive detonation. Before setting the strip in place, push the bubble in
  588. so that it will be inverted.
  589.  
  590. Once the air pressure has achieved the desired level, the magnetic bubble
  591. will snap back into its original position and strike the contact, thus
  592. completing the circuit and setting off the explosive(s).
  593.  
  594.  
  595.  
  596. Detonating Head
  597. ---------------
  598.  
  599. The detonating head (or heads, depending on whether a Uranium or
  600. Plutonium bomb is being used as a model) that is seated in the conventional
  601. explosive charge(s) is similar to the standard-issue blasting cap. It merely
  602. serves as a catalyst to bring about a greater explosion. Calibration of this
  603. device is essential. Too small of a detonating head will only cause a
  604. colossal dud that will be doubly dangerous since someone's got to disarm and
  605. re-fit the bomb with another detonating head. (an added measure of discomfort
  606. comes from the knowledge that the conventional explosive may have detonated
  607. with insufficient force to weld the radioactive metals. This will cause a
  608. supercritical mass that could go off at any time.) The detonating head will
  609. receive an electric charge from the either the air pressure detonator or the
  610. radar altimeter's coordinating detonator, depending on what type of system is
  611. used. The Du Pont company makes rather excellent blasting caps that can be
  612. easily modified to suit the required specifications.
  613.  
  614.  
  615.  
  616. Conventional Explosive Charge(s)
  617. --------------------------------
  618.  
  619. This explosive is used to introduce (and weld) the lesser amount of
  620. Uranium to the greater amount within the bomb's housing. [The amount of
  621. pressure needed to bring this about is unknown and possibly classified by the
  622. United States Government for reasons of National Security]
  623.  
  624. Plastic explosives work best in this situation since they can be
  625. manipulated to enable both a Uranium bomb and a Plutonium bomb to detonate.
  626. One very good explosive is Urea Nitrate. The directions on how to make Urea
  627. Nitrate are as follows:
  628.  
  629. - Ingredients -
  630. ---------------
  631. [1] 1 cup concentrated solution of uric acid (C5 H4 N4 O3)
  632. [2] 1/3 cup of nitric acid
  633. [3] 4 heat-resistant glass containers
  634. [4] 4 filters (coffee filters will do)
  635.  
  636.  
  637. Filter the concentrated solution of uric acid through a filter to remove
  638. impurities. Slowly add 1/3 cup of nitric acid to the solution and let the
  639. mixture stand for 1 hour. Filter again as before. This time the Urea Nitrate
  640. crystals will collect on the filter. Wash the crystals by pouring water over
  641. them while they are in the filter. Remove the crystals from the filter and
  642. allow 16 hours for them to dry. This explosive will need a blasting cap to
  643. detonate.
  644.  
  645.  
  646. It may be necessary to make a quantity larger than the aforementioned
  647. list calls for to bring about an explosion great enough to cause the Uranium
  648. (or Plutonium) sections to weld together on impact.
  649.  
  650.  
  651.  
  652. Neutron Deflector
  653. -----------------
  654.  
  655. The neutron deflector is comprised solely of Uranium-238. Not only is
  656. U-238 non-fissionable, it also has the unique ability to reflect neutrons back
  657. to their source.
  658.  
  659. The U-238 neutron deflector can serve 2 purposes. In a Uranium bomb, the
  660. neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical
  661. mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the `bullet'
  662. counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice-
  663. versa). The neutron deflector in a Plutonium bomb actually helps the wedges
  664. of Plutonium retain their neutrons by `reflecting' the stray particles back
  665. into the center of the assembly. [See diagram in Section 4 of this file.]
  666.  
  667.  
  668.  
  669. Uranium & Plutonium
  670. -------------------
  671.  
  672. Uranium-235 is very difficult to extract. In fact, for every 25,000 tons
  673. of Uranium ore that is mined from the earth, only 50 tons of Uranium metal can
  674. be refined from that, and 99.3% of that metal is U-238 which is too stable to
  675. be used as an active agent in an atomic detonation. To make matters even more
  676. complicated, no ordinary chemical extraction can separate the two isotopes
  677. since both U-235 and U-238 possess precisely identical chemical
  678. characteristics. The only methods that can effectively separate U-235 from
  679. U-238 are mechanical methods.
  680.  
  681. U-235 is slightly, but only slightly, lighter than its counterpart,
  682. U-238. A system of gaseous diffusion is used to begin the separating process
  683. between the two isotopes. In this system, Uranium is combined with fluorine
  684. to form Uranium Hexafluoride gas. This mixture is then propelled by low-
  685. pressure pumps through a series of extremely fine porous barriers. Because
  686. the U-235 atoms are lighter and thus propelled faster than the U-238 atoms,
  687. they could penetrate the barriers more rapidly. As a result, the
  688. U-235's concentration became successively greater as it passed through each
  689. barrier. After passing through several thousand barriers, the Uranium
  690. Hexafluoride contains a relatively high concentration of U-235 -- 2% pure
  691. Uranium in the case of reactor fuel, and if pushed further could
  692. (theoretically) yield up to 95% pure Uranium for use in an atomic bomb.
  693.  
  694. Once the process of gaseous diffusion is finished, the Uranium must be
  695. refined once again. Magnetic separation of the extract from the previous
  696. enriching process is then implemented to further refine the Uranium. This
  697. involves electrically charging Uranium Tetrachloride gas and directing it past
  698. a weak electromagnet. Since the lighter U-235 particles in the gas stream are
  699. less affected by the magnetic pull, they can be gradually separated from the
  700. flow.
  701.  
  702. Following the first two procedures, a third enrichment process is then
  703. applied to the extract from the second process. In this procedure, a gas
  704. centrifuge is brought into action to further separate the lighter U-235 from
  705. its heavier counter-isotope. Centrifugal force separates the two isotopes of
  706. Uranium by their mass. Once all of these procedures have been completed, all
  707. that need be done is to place the properly molded components of Uranium-235
  708. inside a warhead that will facilitate an atomic detonation.
  709.  
  710. Supercritical mass for Uranium-235 is defined as 110 lbs (50 kgs) of
  711. pure Uranium.
  712.  
  713. Depending on the refining process(es) used when purifying the U-235 for
  714. use, along with the design of the warhead mechanism and the altitude at which
  715. it detonates, the explosive force of the A-bomb can range anywhere from 1
  716. kiloton (which equals 1,000 tons of TNT) to 20 megatons (which equals 20
  717. million tons of TNT -- which, by the way, is the smallest strategic nuclear
  718. warhead we possess today. {Point in fact -- One Trident Nuclear Submarine
  719. carries as much destructive power as 25 World War II's}).
  720.  
  721. While Uranium is an ideally fissionable material, it is not the only one.
  722. Plutonium can be used in an atomic bomb as well. By leaving U-238 inside an
  723. atomic reactor for an extended period of time, the U-238 picks up extra
  724. particles (neutrons especially) and gradually is transformed into the element
  725. Plutonium.
  726.  
  727. Plutonium is fissionable, but not as easily fissionable as Uranium.
  728. While Uranium can be detonated by a simple 2-part gun-type device, Plutonium
  729. must be detonated by a more complex 32-part implosion chamber along with a
  730. stronger conventional explosive, a greater striking velocity and a
  731. simultaneous triggering mechanism for the conventional explosive packs. Along
  732. with all of these requirements comes the additional task of introducing a fine
  733. mixture of Beryllium and Polonium to this metal while all of these actions are
  734. occurring.
  735.  
  736. Supercritical mass for Plutonium is defined as 35.2 lbs (16 kgs). This
  737. amount needed for a supercritical mass can be reduced to a smaller quantity of
  738. 22 lbs (10 kgs) by surrounding the Plutonium with a U-238 casing.
  739.  
  740.  
  741. To illustrate the vast difference between a Uranium gun-type detonator
  742. and a Plutonium implosion detonator, here is a quick rundown.
  743.  
  744. ============================================================================
  745.  
  746.  
  747. [1] Uranium Detonator
  748. -----------------
  749.  
  750. Comprised of 2 parts. Larger mass is spherical and concave.
  751. Smaller mass is precisely the size and shape of the `missing'
  752. section of the larger mass. Upon detonation of conventional
  753. explosive, the smaller mass is violently injected and welded
  754. to the larger mass. Supercritical mass is reached, chain
  755. reaction follows in one millionth of a second.
  756.  
  757.  
  758. [2] Plutonium Detonator
  759. -------------------
  760.  
  761. Comprised of 32 individual 45-degree pie-shaped sections of
  762. Plutonium surrounding a Beryllium/Polonium mixture. These 32
  763. sections together form a sphere. All of these sections must
  764. have the precisely equal mass (and shape) of the others. The
  765. shape of the detonator resembles a soccerball. Upon detonation
  766. of conventional explosives, all 32 sections must merge with the
  767. B/P mixture within 1 ten-millionths of a second.
  768.  
  769.  
  770.  
  771. ____________________________________________________________________________
  772.  
  773. - Diagram -
  774. -------------
  775. ____________________________________________________________________________
  776. |
  777. [Uranium Detonator] | [Plutonium Detonator]
  778. ______________________________________|_____________________________________
  779. _____ |
  780. | :| | . [2] .
  781. | :| | . ~ \_/ ~ .
  782. | [2]:| | .. . ..
  783. | :| | [2]| . |[2]
  784. | .:| | . ~~~ . . . ~~~ .
  785. `...::' | . . . . .
  786. _ ~~~ _ | . . ~ . .
  787. . `| |':.. | [2]\. . . . [1] . . . ./[2]
  788. . | | `:::. | ./ . ~~~ . \.
  789. | | `::: | . . : . .
  790. . | | :::: | . . . . .
  791. | [1] | ::|:: | . ___ . ___ .
  792. . `. .' ,::||: | [2]| . |[2]
  793. ~~~ ::|||: | .' _ `.
  794. .. [2] .::|||:' | . / \ .
  795. ::... ..::||||:' | ~ -[2]- ~
  796. :::::::::::::||||::' |
  797. ``::::||||||||:'' |
  798. ``:::::'' |
  799. |
  800. |
  801. |
  802. |
  803. [1] = Collision Point | [1] = Collision Point
  804. [2] - Uranium Section(s) | [2] = Plutonium Section(s)
  805. |
  806. |
  807. ______________________________________|_____________________________________
  808. ============================================================================
  809.  
  810.  
  811.  
  812. Lead Shield
  813. -----------
  814.  
  815. The lead shield's only purpose is to prevent the inherent radioactivity
  816. of the bomb's payload from interfering with the other mechanisms of the bomb.
  817. The neutron flux of the bomb's payload is strong enough to short circuit the
  818. internal circuitry and cause an accidental or premature detonation.
  819.  
  820.  
  821.  
  822. Fuses
  823. -----
  824.  
  825. The fuses are implemented as another safeguard to prevent an accidental
  826. detonation of both the conventional explosives and the nuclear payload. These
  827. fuses are set near the surface of the `nose' of the bomb so that they can be
  828. installed easily when the bomb is ready to be launched. The fuses should be
  829. installed only shortly before the bomb is launched. To affix them before it
  830. is time could result in an accident of catastrophic proportions.
  831.  
  832.  
  833.  
  834. ============================================================================
  835.  
  836.  
  837. -End of section 3-
  838. -Documentation & Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb-�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
  839.  
  840. --------------------------------
  841. File courtesy of Outlaw Labs
  842. --------------------------------
  843.  
  844.  
  845.  
  846. IV. The Diagram of the Atomic Bomb
  847. ------------------------------
  848.  
  849. [Gravity Bomb Model]
  850. ----------------------------
  851. -> Cutaway Sections Visible <-
  852.  
  853.  
  854. ============================================================================
  855.  
  856.  
  857.  
  858.  
  859. /\
  860. / \ <---------------------------[1]
  861. / \
  862. _________________/______\_________________
  863. | : ||: ~ ~ : |
  864. [2]-------> | : ||: : |
  865. | : ||: : |
  866. | : ||: : |
  867. | : ||: : |
  868. | : ||: : |
  869. | : ||: : |
  870. | : ||: : |
  871. | : ||: : |
  872. | : ||: : |
  873. | : ||: : |
  874. | : ||: : |
  875. | :______||:_____________________________: |
  876. |/_______||/______________________________\|
  877. \ ~\ | | /
  878. \ |\ | | /
  879. \ | \ | | /
  880. \ | \ | | /
  881. \ |___\ |______________| /
  882. \ | \ |~ \ /
  883. \|_______\|_________________\_/
  884. |_____________________________|
  885. / \
  886. / _________________ \
  887. / _/ \_ \
  888. / __/ \__ \
  889. / / \ \
  890. /__ _/ \_ __\
  891. [3]_______________________________ \ _|
  892. / / \ \ \
  893. / / \/ \ \
  894. / / ___________ \ \
  895. | / __/___________\__ \ |
  896. | |_ ___ /=================\ ___ _| |
  897. [4]---------> _||___|====|[[[[[[[|||]]]]]]]|====|___||_ <--------[4]
  898. | | |-----------------| | |
  899. | | |o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o| <-------------------[5]
  900. | | \_______________/ | |
  901. | |__ |: :| __| |
  902. | | \______________ |: :| ______________/ | |
  903. | | ________________\|: :|/________________ | |
  904. | |/ |::::|: :|::::| \| |
  905. [6]----------------------> |::::|: :|::::| <---------------------[6]
  906. | | |::::|: :|::::| | |
  907. | | |::==|: :|== <------------------------[9]
  908. | | |::__\: :/__::| | |
  909. | | |:: ~: :~ ::| | |
  910. [7]----------------------------> \_/ ::| | |
  911. | |~\________/~\|:: ~ ::|/~\________/~| |
  912. | | ||:: <-------------------------[8]
  913. | |_/~~~~~~~~\_/|::_ _ _ _ _::|\_/~~~~~~~~\_| |
  914. [9]-------------------------->_=_=_=_=_::| | |
  915. | | :::._______.::: | |
  916. | | .:::| |:::.. | |
  917. | | ..:::::'| |`:::::.. | |
  918. [6]---------------->.::::::' || || `::::::.<---------------[6]
  919. | | .::::::' | || || | `::::::. | |
  920. /| | .::::::' | || || | `::::::. | |
  921. | | | .:::::' | || <-----------------------------[10]
  922. | | |.:::::' | || || | `:::::.| |
  923. | | ||::::' | |`. .'| | `::::|| |
  924. [11]___________________________ ``~'' __________________________[11]
  925. : | | \:: \ / ::/ | |
  926. | | | \:_________|_|\/__ __\/|_|_________:/ | |
  927. / | | | __________~___:___~__________ | | |
  928. || | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
  929. [12] /|: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
  930. |~~~~~ / |: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
  931. |----> / /|: | | | | |:::::::| <-----------------[10]
  932. | / / |: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
  933. | / |: | | | | |::::<-----------------------------[13]
  934. | / /|: | | | | |:::::::| | | | |
  935. | / / |: | | | | `:::::::' | | | |
  936. | _/ / /:~: | | | `: ``~'' :' | | |
  937. | | / / ~.. | | |: `: :' :| | |
  938. |->| / / : | | ::: `. .' <----------------[11]
  939. | |/ / ^ ~\| \ ::::. `. .' .:::: / |
  940. | ~ /|\ | \_::::::. `. .' .::::::_/ |
  941. |_______| | \::::::. `. .' .:::<-----------------[6]
  942. |_________\:::::.. `~.....~' ..:::::/_________|
  943. | \::::::::.......::::::::/ |
  944. | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
  945. `. .'
  946. `. .'
  947. `. .'
  948. `:. .:'
  949. `::. .::'
  950. `::.. ..::'
  951. `:::.. ..:::'
  952. `::::::... ..::::::'
  953. [14]------------------> `:____:::::::::::____:' <-----------------[14]
  954. ```::::_____::::'''
  955. ~~~~~
  956.  
  957.  
  958.  
  959.  
  960.  
  961.  
  962. ============================================================================
  963.  
  964.  
  965. - Diagram Outline -
  966. ---------------------
  967.  
  968. [1] - Tail Cone
  969. [2] - Stabilizing Tail Fins
  970. [3] - Air Pressure Detonator
  971. [4] - Air Inlet Tube(s)
  972. [5] - Altimeter/Pressure Sensors
  973. [6] - Lead Shield Container
  974. [7] - Detonating Head
  975. [8] - Conventional Explosive Charge
  976. [9] - Packing
  977. [10] - Uranium (U-235) [Plutonium (See other diagram)]
  978. [11] - Neutron Deflector (U-238)
  979. [12] - Telemetry Monitoring Probes
  980. [13] - Receptacle for U-235 upon detonation
  981. to facilitate supercritical mass.
  982. [14] - Fuses (inserted to arm bomb)
  983.  
  984.  
  985.  
  986.  
  987. ============================================================================
  988.  
  989.  
  990. - Diagram for Plutonium Bomb -
  991. --------------------------------
  992. [Gravity Bomb - Implosion Model]
  993. --------------------------------
  994. -> Cutaway Sections Visible <-
  995.  
  996.  
  997.  
  998. ============================================================================
  999.  
  1000.  
  1001.  
  1002. /\
  1003. / \ <---------------------------[1]
  1004. / \
  1005. _________________/______\_________________
  1006. | : ||: ~ ~ : |
  1007. [2]-------> | : ||: : |
  1008. | : ||: : |
  1009. | : ||: : |
  1010. | : ||: : |
  1011. | : ||: : |
  1012. | : ||: : |
  1013. | : ||: : |
  1014. | : ||: : |
  1015. | : ||: : |
  1016. | : ||: : |
  1017. | : ||: : |
  1018. | :______||:_____________________________: |
  1019. |/_______||/______________________________\|
  1020. \ ~\ | : |:| /
  1021. \ |\ | : |:| /
  1022. \ | \ | :__________|:| /
  1023. \ |:_\ | :__________\:| /
  1024. \ |___\ |______________| /
  1025. \ | \ |~ \ /
  1026. \|_______\|_________________\_/
  1027. |_____________________________|
  1028. / \
  1029. / \
  1030. / \
  1031. / _______________ \
  1032. / ___/ \___ \
  1033. /____ __/ \__ ____\
  1034. [3]_______________________________ \ ___|
  1035. / __/ \ \__ \
  1036. / / \/ \ \
  1037. / / ___________ \ \
  1038. / / __/___________\__ \ \
  1039. ./ /__ ___ /=================\ ___ __\ \.
  1040. [4]-------> ___||___|====|[[[[[|||||||]]]]]|====|___||___ <------[4]
  1041. / / |=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=o=| <-------------------[5]
  1042. .' / \_______ _______/ \ `.
  1043. : |___ |*| ___| :
  1044. .' | \_________________ |*| _________________/ | `.
  1045. : | ___________ ___ \ |*| / ___ ___________ | :
  1046. : |__/ \ / \_\\*//_/ \ / \__| :
  1047. : |______________:|:____:: **::****:|:********\ <---------[6]
  1048. .' /:|||||||||||||'`|;..:::::::::::..;|'`|||||||*|||||:\ `.
  1049. [7]----------> ||||||' .:::;~|~~~___~~~|~;:::. `|||||*|| <-------[7]
  1050. : |:|||||||||' .::'\ ..:::::::::::.. /`::. `|||*|||||:| :
  1051. : |:|||||||' .::' .:::''~~ ~~``:::. `::. `|\***\|:| :
  1052. : |:|||||' .::\ .::''\ | [9] | /``::: /::. `|||*|:| :
  1053. [8]------------>::' .::' \|_________|/ `::: `::. `|* <-----[6]
  1054. `. \:||' .::' ::'\ [9] . . . [9] /::: `::. *|:/ .'
  1055. : \:' :::'.::' \ . . / `::.`::: *:/ :
  1056. : | .::'.::'____\ [10] . [10] /____`::.`::.*| :
  1057. : | :::~::: | . . . | :::~:::*| :
  1058. : | ::: :: [9] | . . ..:.. . . | [9] :: :::*| :
  1059. : \ ::: :: | . :\_____________________________[11]
  1060. `. \`:: ::: ____| . . . |____ ::: ::'/ .'
  1061. : \:;~`::. / . [10] [10] . \ .::'~::/ :
  1062. `. \:. `::. / . . . \ .::' .:/ .'
  1063. : \:. `:::/ [9] _________ [9] \:::' .:/ :
  1064. `. \::. `:::. /| |\ .:::' .::/ .'
  1065. : ~~\:/ `:::./ | [9] | \.:::' \:/~~ :
  1066. `:=========\::. `::::... ...::::' .::/=========:'
  1067. `: ~\::./ ```:::::::::''' \.::/~ :'
  1068. `. ~~~~~~\| ~~~ |/~~~~~~ .'
  1069. `. \:::...:::/ .'
  1070. `. ~~~~~~~~~ .'
  1071. `. .'
  1072. `:. .:'
  1073. `::. .::'
  1074. `::.. ..::'
  1075. `:::.. ..:::'
  1076. `::::::... ..::::::'
  1077. [12]------------------> `:____:::::::::::____:' <-----------------[12]
  1078. ```::::_____::::'''
  1079. ~~~~~
  1080.  
  1081.  
  1082.  
  1083.  
  1084.  
  1085.  
  1086. ============================================================================
  1087.  
  1088.  
  1089. - Diagram Outline -
  1090. ---------------------
  1091.  
  1092. [1] - Tail Cone
  1093. [2] - Stabilizing Tail Fins
  1094. [3] - Air Pressure Detonator
  1095. [4] - Air Inlet Tube(s)
  1096. [5] - Altimeter/Pressure Sensors
  1097. [6] - Electronic Conduits & Fusing Circuits
  1098. [7] - Lead Shield Container
  1099. [8] - Neutron Deflector (U-238)
  1100. [9] - Conventional Explosive Charge(s)
  1101. [10] - Plutonium (Pu-239)
  1102. [11] - Receptacle for Beryllium/Polonium mixture
  1103. to facilitate atomic detonation reaction.
  1104. [12] - Fuses (inserted to arm bomb)
  1105.  
  1106.  
  1107.  
  1108.  
  1109. ============================================================================
  1110.  
  1111.  
  1112. -End of section 4-
  1113. -Documentation & Diagrams of the Atomic Bomb-
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