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  6. <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Book of War: The Military Classic of the Far East, by Sunzi (active 6th century B.c.) and Wutzu</title>
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  110. <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Book of War: The Military Classic of the
  111. Far East, by Sunzi (active 6th century B.c.) and Wutzu, Translated by
  112. Everard Ferguson Calthrop</h1>
  113. <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
  114. almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
  115. re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
  116. with this eBook or online at <a
  117. href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
  118. <p>Title: The Book of War: The Military Classic of the Far East</p>
  119. <p>       The Articles of Suntzu; The Sayings of Wutzu</p>
  120. <p>Author: Sunzi (active 6th century B.c.) and Wutzu</p>
  121. <p>Release Date: October 23, 2013  [eBook #44024]</p>
  122. <p>Language: English</p>
  123. <p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
  124. <p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF WAR: THE MILITARY CLASSIC OF THE FAR EAST***</p>
  125. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  126. <h4>E-text prepared by Paul Clark<br />
  127.     and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
  128.     (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
  129.     from page images generously made available by<br />
  130.     Internet Archive<br />
  131.     (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
  132. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  133. <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
  134.   <tr>
  135.     <td valign="top">
  136.       Note:
  137.     </td>
  138.     <td>
  139.       Images of the original pages are available through
  140.       Internet Archive. See
  141.       <a href="https://archive.org/details/bookofwarmilitar00caltiala">
  142.       https://archive.org/details/bookofwarmilitar00caltiala</a>
  143.     </td>
  144.   </tr>
  145. </table>
  146. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  147. <div class="transnote">
  148. <p>Transcriber's Note:</p>
  149. <p>Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
  150. possible. Some changes have been made. They are listed at the end of
  151. the text.</p>
  152. </div>
  153. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  154. <hr class="full" />
  155. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  156. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  157. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  158.  
  159. <div class="center">
  160. <img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" width="379" height="600" alt="" />
  161. </div>
  162.  
  163. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
  164.  
  165. <h1>THE BOOK OF WAR</h1>
  166.  
  167. <hr class="chap" />
  168.  
  169. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a><br /><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
  170.  
  171. <p class="center"><span class="large">THE</span><br />
  172. <span class="xlarge">BOOK OF WAR</span></p>
  173.  
  174. <p class="center large">THE MILITARY CLASSIC<br />
  175. OF THE FAR EAST</p>
  176.  
  177. <p class="center">TRANSLATED FROM THE CHINESE BY<br />
  178. <span class="large">CAPTAIN E. F. CALTHROP, R.F.A.</span></p>
  179.  
  180. <p class="p4 center">LONDON<br />
  181. JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE ST., W.<br />
  182. 1908<br />
  183. </p>
  184.  
  185. <hr class="chap" />
  186.  
  187. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a><br /><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
  188.  
  189. <h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2>
  190.  
  191. <table summary="Contents">
  192. <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
  193. <td class="tdr small">PAGE</td></tr>
  194.  
  195. <tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
  196. <td><a href="#INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></td>
  197. <td class="tdr">7</td></tr>
  198.  
  199. <tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
  200. <td class="tdc"><h3><a href="#THE_ARTICLES_OF_SUNTZU">THE ARTICLES OF SUNTZU</a></h3></td>
  201. <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  202.  
  203. <tr><td class="tdr">I.&nbsp;</td>
  204. <td><a href="#suntzu_I">PRELIMINARY RECKONING</a></td>
  205. <td class="tdr">17</td></tr>
  206.  
  207. <tr><td class="tdr">II.&nbsp;</td>
  208. <td><a href="#suntzu_II">OPERATIONS OF WAR</a></td>
  209. <td class="tdr">20</td></tr>
  210.  
  211. <tr><td class="tdr">III.&nbsp;</td>
  212. <td><a href="#suntzu_III">THE ATTACK BY STRATAGEM</a></td>
  213. <td class="tdr">24</td></tr>
  214.  
  215. <tr><td class="tdr">IV.&nbsp;</td>
  216. <td><a href="#suntzu_IV">THE ORDER OF BATTLE</a></td>
  217. <td class="tdr">28</td></tr>
  218.  
  219. <tr><td class="tdr">V.&nbsp;</td>
  220. <td><a href="#suntzu_V">THE SPIRIT OF THE TROOPS</a></td>
  221. <td class="tdr">31</td></tr>
  222.  
  223. <tr><td class="tdr">VI.&nbsp;</td>
  224. <td><a href="#suntzu_VI">EMPTINESS AND STRENGTH</a></td>
  225. <td class="tdr">34</td></tr>
  226.  
  227. <tr><td class="tdr">VII.&nbsp;</td>
  228. <td><a href="#suntzu_VII">BATTLE TACTICS</a></td>
  229. <td class="tdr">40</td></tr>
  230.  
  231. <tr><td class="tdr">VIII.&nbsp;</td>
  232. <td><a href="#suntzu_VIII">THE NINE CHANGES</a></td>
  233. <td class="tdr">44</td></tr>
  234.  
  235. <tr><td class="tdr">IX.&nbsp;</td>
  236. <td><a href="#suntzu_IX">MOVEMENT OF TROOPS</a></td>
  237. <td class="tdr">47</td></tr>
  238.  
  239. <tr><td class="tdr">X.&nbsp;</td>
  240. <td><a href="#suntzu_X">GROUND</a></td>
  241. <td class="tdr">53</td></tr>
  242.  
  243. <tr><td class="tdr">XI.&nbsp;</td>
  244. <td><a href="#suntzu_XI">NINE GROUNDS</a></td>
  245. <td class="tdr">58</td></tr>
  246.  
  247. <tr><td class="tdr">XII.&nbsp;</td>
  248. <td><a href="#suntzu_XII">ASSAULT BY FIRE</a></td>
  249. <td class="tdr">67</td></tr>
  250.  
  251. <tr><td class="tdr">XIII.&nbsp;</td>
  252. <td><a href="#suntzu_XIII">THE EMPLOYMENT OF SPIES</a></td>
  253. <td class="tdr">70</td></tr>
  254.  
  255. <tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
  256. <td class="tdc"><h3><a href="#THE_SAYINGS_OF_WUTZU">THE SAYINGS OF WUTZU</a></h3></td>
  257. <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  258.  
  259. <tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
  260. <td><a href="#wutzu_INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></td>
  261. <td class="tdr">75</td></tr>
  262.  
  263. <tr><td class="tdr">I.&nbsp;</td>
  264. <td><a href="#wutzu_I">THE GOVERNMENT OF A COUNTRY</a></td>
  265. <td class="tdr">77</td></tr>
  266.  
  267. <tr><td class="tdr">II.&nbsp;</td>
  268. <td><a href="#wutzu_II">ESTIMATION OF THE ENEMY</a></td>
  269. <td class="tdr">85</td></tr>
  270.  
  271. <tr><td class="tdr">III.&nbsp;</td>
  272. <td><a href="#wutzu_III">CONTROL OF THE ARMY</a></td>
  273. <td class="tdr">93</td></tr>
  274.  
  275. <tr><td class="tdr">IV.&nbsp;</td>
  276. <td><a href="#wutzu_IV">QUALITIES OF THE GENERAL</a></td>
  277. <td class="tdr">101</td></tr>
  278.  
  279. <tr><td class="tdr">V.&nbsp;</td>
  280. <td><a href="#wutzu_V">SUITING THE OCCASION</a></td>
  281. <td class="tdr">108</td></tr>
  282.  
  283. <tr><td class="tdr">VI.&nbsp;</td>
  284. <td><a href="#wutzu_VI">ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE TROOPS</a></td>
  285. <td class="tdr">116</td></tr>
  286. </table>
  287.  
  288. <hr class="chap" />
  289.  
  290. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a><br /><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p>
  291.  
  292. <h2><a name="THE_BOOK_OF_WAR" id="THE_BOOK_OF_WAR">THE BOOK OF WAR</a></h2>
  293.  
  294. <h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></h2>
  295.  
  296. <h3>I</h3>
  297.  
  298. <p>Written in the fifth century <span class="small">B.C.</span>, Suntzu
  299. and Wutzu still remain the most celebrated
  300. works on war in the literature of China.
  301. While the chariot has gone, and weapons
  302. have changed, these ancient masters have
  303. held their own, since they deal chiefly with
  304. the fundamental principles of war, with the
  305. influence of politics and human nature on
  306. military operations; and they show in a
  307. most striking way how unchanging these
  308. principles are.</p>
  309.  
  310. <p>When these books were written, China
  311. was a conglomerate of principalities in
  312. continual ferment. Personal ambition and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
  313. intrigue, and not the wishes of the people,
  314. were the main factors in these wars.
  315. Patriotism, or a popular cause, could not,
  316. therefore, be relied on to maintain the
  317. <i>moral</i> of the levies. Instead of these, what
  318. may be called the force of despair is pointed
  319. out as the most powerful agent in giving
  320. cohesion and energy to an army. The
  321. general is urged to take a vigorous offensive;
  322. and to act at a distance from his base,
  323. where defeat means disaster, and where
  324. desertion is minimised owing to the distance
  325. from home. He should, in fact, burn his
  326. boats before an action, or, in Chinese phrase,
  327. act as one who removes the ladder from
  328. under those mounted upon the roof.</p>
  329.  
  330. <p>On the other hand, every care must be
  331. taken not to render the enemy desperate;
  332. and, as an instance of this, Sun observes
  333. that an opponent should on no account
  334. be completely surrounded. A loop-hole of
  335. escape weakens the resolution of the general
  336. and the energy of his troops.</p>
  337.  
  338. <p>It is interesting to notice that <i>moral</i>, or
  339. the spirit of the troops, is thus considered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
  340. a determining factor in war. The Chinese
  341. are perhaps unusually affected by climatic
  342. conditions. As is well known, the umbrella
  343. was part of a soldier&rsquo;s equipment; and for
  344. the same reasons, the sunny side of high
  345. ground is recommended as most suitable for
  346. defence, tactical considerations permitting.</p>
  347.  
  348. <p>The large number of bannermen in the
  349. Chinese army was out of all proportion to
  350. the service of standards in providing rallying
  351. points. The chief use of banners was to
  352. maintain the spirit of the troops. A forest
  353. of banners, held erect, gave a feeling of
  354. liveliness and security to the ranks, in the
  355. same way as a military band, and when
  356. Sun remarks that the march of an army
  357. should be calm like the forest, he is using
  358. a simile that is not inappropriate.</p>
  359.  
  360. <p>Probably owing to the fact that the
  361. profession of arms has never been highly
  362. regarded in China, we find that the ruler
  363. of the state did not usually take the field,
  364. but employed a professional to command
  365. the army&mdash;one of the masters of war who
  366. wandered from state to state at that time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
  367. with the secrets of victory to impart to the
  368. highest bidder. The question of political
  369. interference with the general in the field
  370. naturally arises under these conditions.
  371. The two sages point out, that to unite the
  372. nation under firm and just government is
  373. the business of the ruler and necessary to
  374. victory; but that the general is the best
  375. judge of the questions that arise on a
  376. distant field, and that all interference with
  377. him causes delay and disaster.</p>
  378.  
  379. <p>War meaning ravage, it was essential
  380. that the operations should be conducted
  381. in the enemy&rsquo;s territory. Once there, however,
  382. a vigorous offensive is no longer
  383. advised. &ldquo;At first behave with the discretion
  384. of a maiden&rdquo; is the counsel of Sun.
  385. The enemy must be induced to take the
  386. initiative, and when he is worn out by
  387. marching, or makes a false move, &ldquo;then,&rdquo;
  388. says the master, &ldquo;dart in like a rabbit.&rdquo;</p>
  389.  
  390. <p>Unlike the tactics of the Japanese, in
  391. whom the spirit of attack burns so strongly,
  392. those of Suntzu and Wutzu are essentially
  393. of the offensive-defensive order&mdash;man&oelig;uvre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
  394. before fighting, and non-committal until the
  395. enemy has shown his hand. The business
  396. of the general is to avoid encounter in
  397. battle until the enemy is no longer capable
  398. of offering a successful resistance.</p>
  399.  
  400. <p>The masters do not make, however, the
  401. mistake of advocating a passive defensive.
  402. Suntzu lays down that the division of the
  403. forces which this strategy involves, is to
  404. be everywhere weak, rendering the army
  405. liable to be taken in detail by the concentrated
  406. forces of the enemy. It is rather the
  407. defence which avoids battle by mobility
  408. and man&oelig;uvre, induces the enemy by
  409. stratagem to divide his forces, or act in
  410. conformity with our wishes, and then falls
  411. upon him.</p>
  412.  
  413. <p>With regard to the tactics of the battlefield,
  414. the pitched battle, or, in other words,
  415. the frontal attack, is considered unworthy
  416. of the skilful general. The plan of attack
  417. should consist, broadly speaking, in the
  418. division of the army into two forces. The
  419. enemy is &ldquo;attracted and engaged by one
  420. force, and defeated with the other;&rdquo; and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
  421. here we have the containing or secondary
  422. attack, and the main or reserve force
  423. which decides the battle of to-day&mdash;a
  424. most striking instance of the continuity of
  425. military principles.</p>
  426.  
  427. <p>Considerable space is devoted to the
  428. influence of ground on war. The passage
  429. of defiles and rivers is still conducted in
  430. the same way. The many large rivers
  431. of China naturally affected military operations;
  432. and, among other axioms, it is laid
  433. down that the passage of a river should
  434. not be disputed, as the enemy will probably
  435. give up the attempt, and make the passage
  436. untouched at some other point, but that
  437. he should be attacked when half his force
  438. is across the stream. Again, an army should
  439. not encamp on a river below the enemy,
  440. as it is thereby liable to be inundated, or to
  441. have its water poisoned; or the enemy may
  442. come down stream and make a sudden
  443. attack.</p>
  444.  
  445. <p>While both writers were professional
  446. soldiers, they show a fine disinterestedness
  447. by repeatedly pointing out that even<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
  448. successful war brings evil in its train.
  449. Wu remarks that &ldquo;few are those who have
  450. gained power on earth by many victories,&rdquo;
  451. and he is insistent that war should not be
  452. undertaken until a careful comparison of
  453. the two sides shows that victory is certain;
  454. and he adds, &ldquo;The army which conquers
  455. makes certain of victory and then attacks,
  456. while the army that is defeated fights in
  457. the hope of success.&rdquo;</p>
  458.  
  459. <p>Hence the importance they assign to
  460. intelligence of the enemy, and to the spy;
  461. and as the sages dealt with war between
  462. members of the same race, the work of
  463. spies was greatly facilitated. The spy was
  464. treated with great honour by his countrymen,
  465. and the fact that many of the national
  466. heroes of China were spies, shows that the
  467. part that they played was not forgotten.
  468. They frequently toiled for years, and rose
  469. to high rank in the enemy&rsquo;s service; and
  470. thus, by wrong counsel and by spreading
  471. mistrust in his ranks, they became a two-edged
  472. sword in the hands of the general.
  473. &ldquo;Wonderful, indeed, is their power,&rdquo;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
  474. exclaims Sun; but he also reminds us that
  475. their management is the most difficult and
  476. delicate duty of the general.</p>
  477.  
  478. <h3>II</h3>
  479.  
  480. <p>Sun and Wu are perhaps held in even
  481. greater reverence in Japan than in China,
  482. where war is looked upon as a troublesome
  483. phase in national life, and victory in battle
  484. is not considered the greatest achievement
  485. of a state. Far otherwise is it in Japan;
  486. and successive generations of her soldiers
  487. have been brought up on Sun and Wu.
  488. Like other arts, mystery was formerly supposed
  489. to surround the art of war, a belief
  490. that was encouraged by the strategist; and
  491. for a considerable time, the few copies of
  492. this book, that were brought over from
  493. China to Japan, were jealously guarded
  494. by their possessors. Later, as they became
  495. known, an army of Japanese commentators
  496. arose&mdash;for Chinese literature is thought
  497. compressed, to be unfolded in the mind
  498. of the reader.</p>
  499.  
  500. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p>
  501.  
  502. <p>To-day Sun and Wu have given way to
  503. the scientific works of European writers,
  504. but their sayings have become proverbs,
  505. and their influence undoubtedly helped the
  506. Japanese to victory in the late war. Belief
  507. in the importance of a knowledge of the
  508. enemy and his resources, of preparation and
  509. training, had grown out of a long study
  510. of these ancient masters; and since it was
  511. the vital importance of a successful issue
  512. to the Japanese which, after all, fired their
  513. resolution and carried them through, they
  514. proved the sage&rsquo;s words that it is the energy,
  515. born of despair, that wins the victory.</p>
  516.  
  517. <h3>III</h3>
  518.  
  519. <p>Little is known of the life of either
  520. master. They were in no sense patriots but
  521. professional strategists, continually changing
  522. their employer. Chinese history tells a
  523. famous story about Sun. A certain ruler
  524. asked Sun to give a practical demonstration
  525. of his principles in the neighbourhood
  526. of the palace, and entrusted him with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
  527. the women of the court for this purpose.
  528. During the operations, the leader of one
  529. of the sides did not obey the master&rsquo;s
  530. instructions, and her execution was ordered.
  531. She happened to be the king&rsquo;s favourite
  532. wife, but Sun pointed out that the king&rsquo;s
  533. wish that her life should be spared was
  534. a case of political interference with the
  535. general in the field; and the sentence was
  536. carried out.</p>
  537.  
  538. <p>Wu is represented as a person of low
  539. moral character. On two separate occasions,
  540. for fear of giving rise to suspicion, he killed
  541. one of his wives who belonged to a state
  542. with which his employer at the time was
  543. at war; and, graver still in the eyes of
  544. the Chinese historian, he was not present
  545. at the death-bed of his mother.</p>
  546.  
  547. <p class="right">E. F. C.
  548. </p>
  549.  
  550. <h3>NOTE.</h3>
  551.  
  552. <p>The translator is indebted to Major J. C. Somerville
  553. for his kind help and criticism.</p>
  554.  
  555. <hr class="chap" />
  556.  
  557. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
  558.  
  559. <h2><a name="THE_ARTICLES_OF_SUNTZU" id="THE_ARTICLES_OF_SUNTZU">THE ARTICLES OF SUNTZU</a></h2>
  560.  
  561. <hr class="chap" />
  562. <h2><a name="suntzu_I" id="suntzu_I">I</a><br />
  563. PRELIMINARY RECKONING</h2>
  564.  
  565. <p>The words of Sun the Master:&mdash;</p>
  566.  
  567. <p>To all nations War is a great matter.
  568. Upon the army death or life depend: it is
  569. the means of the existence or destruction
  570. <i>of the State</i>.</p>
  571.  
  572. <p>Therefore it must be diligently studied.</p>
  573.  
  574. <p>Now, in war, besides stratagem and
  575. the situation, there are five indispensable
  576. matters. The first is called The Way;<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
  577. the second, Heaven; the third, Earth; the
  578. fourth, the Leader; the fifth, Law.</p>
  579.  
  580. <p>The <i>Way</i> or the proper conduct of man.
  581. If the ruling authority be upright, the
  582. people are united: fearless of danger, their
  583. lives are at the service of their Lord.</p>
  584.  
  585. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p>
  586.  
  587. <p><i>Heaven.</i> Yin and Yang;<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> heat and
  588. cold; time and season.</p>
  589.  
  590. <p><i>Earth.</i> Distance; nature; extent;
  591. strategic position.</p>
  592.  
  593. <p>The <i>Leader</i>. Intelligence; truth; benevolence;
  594. courage and strictness.</p>
  595.  
  596. <p><i>Law.</i> Partition and ordering of troops.</p>
  597.  
  598. <p>These things must be known by the
  599. leader: to know them is to conquer; to
  600. know them not is to be defeated.</p>
  601.  
  602. <p>Further, with regard to these and the
  603. following seven matters, the condition of
  604. the enemy must be compared with our own.</p>
  605.  
  606. <p>The seven matters are:&mdash;</p>
  607.  
  608. <p>The virtue of the prince; the ability
  609. of the general; natural advantages; the
  610. discipline of the armies; the strength of
  611. the soldiers; training of the soldiers;
  612. justice both in reward and punishment.</p>
  613.  
  614. <p>Knowing these things, I can foretell the
  615. victor.</p>
  616.  
  617. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p>
  618.  
  619. <p>If a general under me fight according
  620. to my plans, he always conquers, and I
  621. continue to employ him; if he differ from
  622. my plans, he will be defeated and dismissed
  623. from my service.</p>
  624.  
  625. <p>Wherefore, with regard to the foregoing,
  626. considering that with us lies the advantage,
  627. and the generals agreeing, we create a
  628. situation which promises victory; but as
  629. the moment and method cannot be fixed
  630. beforehand, the plan must be modified
  631. according to circumstances.</p>
  632.  
  633. <p>War is a thing of pretence: therefore,
  634. when capable of action, we pretend disability;
  635. when near to the enemy, we
  636. pretend to be far; when far away, we
  637. pretend to be near.</p>
  638.  
  639. <p>Allure the enemy by giving him a small
  640. advantage. Confuse and capture him. If
  641. there be defects, give an appearance of
  642. perfection, and awe the enemy. Pretend
  643. to be strong, and so cause the enemy to
  644. avoid you. Make him angry, and confuse
  645. his plans. Pretend to be inferior, and
  646. cause him to despise you. If he have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
  647. superabundance of strength, tire him out;
  648. if united, make divisions in his camp.
  649. Attack weak points, and appear in unexpected
  650. places.</p>
  651.  
  652. <p>These are the secrets of the successful
  653. strategist, therefore they must not be made
  654. known beforehand.</p>
  655.  
  656. <p>At the reckoning in the Sanctuary before
  657. fighting, victory is to the side that excels
  658. <i>in the foregoing matters</i>. They that have
  659. many of these will conquer; they that
  660. have few will not conquer; hopeless,
  661. indeed, are they that have none.</p>
  662.  
  663. <p>If the condition of both sides with regard
  664. to these matters be known, I can foretell
  665. the victor.</p>
  666.  
  667. <hr class="chap" />
  668. <h2><a name="suntzu_II" id="suntzu_II">II</a><br />
  669. OPERATIONS OF WAR</h2>
  670.  
  671. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  672.  
  673. <p>Now the requirements of war are such
  674. that we need a thousand light chariots with
  675. four horses each; a thousand leather-covered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
  676. chariots, and one hundred thousand armoured
  677. men; and we must send supplies to distant
  678. fields. Wherefore the cost at home and in
  679. the field, the entertainment of guests, glue
  680. and lacquer for repairs, and necessities for
  681. the upkeep of waggons and armour are such
  682. that in one day a thousand pieces of gold
  683. are spent. With that amount a force of
  684. one hundred thousand men can be raised:&mdash;you
  685. have the instruments of victory.</p>
  686.  
  687. <p>But, even if victorious, let the operations
  688. long continue, and the soldiers&rsquo; ardour decreases,
  689. the weapons become worn, and, if
  690. a siege be undertaken, strength disappears.</p>
  691.  
  692. <p>Again, if the war last long, the country&rsquo;s
  693. means do not suffice. Then, when the
  694. soldiers are worn out, weapons blunted,
  695. strength gone and funds spent, neighbouring
  696. princes arise and attack that weakened
  697. country. At such a time the wisest man
  698. cannot mend the matter.</p>
  699.  
  700. <p>For, while quick accomplishment has been
  701. known to give the victory to the unskilful,
  702. the skilful general has never gained
  703. advantage from lengthy operations.</p>
  704.  
  705. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p>
  706.  
  707. <p>In fact, there never has been a country
  708. which has benefited from a prolonged war.</p>
  709.  
  710. <p>He who does not know the evils of war
  711. will not reap advantage thereby. He who
  712. is skilful in war does not make a second
  713. levy, does not load his supply waggons thrice.</p>
  714.  
  715. <p>War material and arms we obtain from
  716. home, but food sufficient for the army&rsquo;s
  717. needs can be taken from the enemy.</p>
  718.  
  719. <p>The cost of supplying the army in distant
  720. fields is the chief drain on the resources of
  721. a state: if the war be distant, the citizens
  722. are impoverished.</p>
  723.  
  724. <p>In the neighbourhood of an army prices
  725. are high, and so the money of the soldiers
  726. and followers is used up. Likewise the
  727. state funds are exhausted, and frequent
  728. levies must be made; the strength of the
  729. army is dissipated, money is spent, the
  730. citizen&rsquo;s home swept bare: in all, seven-tenths
  731. of his income is forfeited. Again,
  732. as regards State property, chariots are
  733. broken, horses worn out, armour and
  734. helmet, arrow and bow, spear, shield, pike
  735. and fighting tower, waggon and oxen used<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
  736. and gone, so that six-tenths of the Government&rsquo;s
  737. income is spent.</p>
  738.  
  739. <p>Therefore the intelligent general strives
  740. to feed on the enemy; one bale of the
  741. enemy&rsquo;s rice counts as twenty from our
  742. own waggons; one bundle of the enemy&rsquo;s
  743. forage is better than twenty of our own.</p>
  744.  
  745. <p>Incitement must be given to vanquish
  746. the enemy.</p>
  747.  
  748. <p>They who take advantage of the enemy
  749. should be rewarded.</p>
  750.  
  751. <p>They who are the first to lay their hands
  752. on more than ten of the enemy&rsquo;s chariots
  753. should be rewarded; the enemy&rsquo;s standard
  754. on the chariots exchanged for our own; the
  755. captured chariots mixed with our own
  756. chariots and taken into use.</p>
  757.  
  758. <p>The accompanying warriors must be
  759. treated well, so that, while the enemy is
  760. beaten, our side increases in strength.</p>
  761.  
  762. <p>Now the object of war is victory; not
  763. lengthy operations, even skilfully conducted.</p>
  764.  
  765. <p>The good general is the lord of the
  766. people&rsquo;s lives, the guardian of the country&rsquo;s
  767. welfare.</p>
  768.  
  769. <hr class="chap" />
  770.  
  771. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p>
  772.  
  773. <h2><a name="suntzu_III" id="suntzu_III">III</a><br />
  774. THE ATTACK BY STRATAGEM</h2>
  775.  
  776. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  777.  
  778. <p>Now by the laws of war, better than
  779. defeating a country by fire and the sword,
  780. is to take it without strife.</p>
  781.  
  782. <p>Better to capture the enemy&rsquo;s army intact
  783. than to overcome it after fierce resistance.</p>
  784.  
  785. <p>Better to capture the &ldquo;Lu,&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> the &ldquo;Tsu&rdquo;
  786. or the &ldquo;Wu&rdquo; whole, than to destroy them
  787. in battle.</p>
  788.  
  789. <p>To fight and conquer one hundred times
  790. is not the perfection of attainment, for the
  791. supreme art is to subdue the enemy without
  792. fighting.</p>
  793.  
  794. <p>Wherefore the most skilful warrior outwits
  795. the enemy by superior stratagem; the
  796. next in merit prevents the enemy from
  797. uniting his forces; next to him is he who
  798. engages the enemy&rsquo;s army; while to besiege
  799. his citadel is the worst expedient.</p>
  800.  
  801. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
  802.  
  803. <p>A siege should not be undertaken if it
  804. can possibly be avoided. For, before a
  805. siege can be commenced, three months are
  806. required for the construction of stages,
  807. battering-rams and siege engines; then a
  808. further three months are required in front
  809. of the citadel, in order to make the
  810. &ldquo;Chuyin.&rdquo;<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Wherefore the general is
  811. angered, his patience exhausted, his men
  812. surge like ants against the ramparts <i>before
  813. the time is ripe</i>, and one-third of them are
  814. killed to no purpose. Such are the misfortunes
  815. that sieges entail.</p>
  816.  
  817. <p>Therefore the master of war causes the
  818. enemy&rsquo;s forces to yield, but without fighting;
  819. he captures his fortress, but without
  820. besieging it; and without lengthy fighting
  821. takes the enemy&rsquo;s kingdom. Without tarnishing
  822. his weapons he gains the complete
  823. advantage.</p>
  824.  
  825. <p>This is the assault by stratagem.</p>
  826.  
  827. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
  828.  
  829. <p>By the rules of war, if ten times as strong
  830. as the enemy, surround him; with five
  831. times his strength, attack; with double his
  832. numbers, divide. If equal in strength,
  833. exert to the utmost, and fight; if inferior
  834. in numbers, man&oelig;uvre <i>and await the opportunity</i>;
  835. if altogether inferior, offer no chance
  836. of battle. A determined stand by inferior
  837. numbers does but lead to their capture.</p>
  838.  
  839. <p>The warrior is the country&rsquo;s support. If
  840. his aid be entire, the country is of necessity
  841. strong; if it be at all deficient, then is the
  842. country weak.</p>
  843.  
  844. <p>Now a prince may embarrass his army in
  845. three ways, namely:&mdash;</p>
  846.  
  847. <p>Ignorant that the army in the field should
  848. not advance, to order it to go forward; or,
  849. ignorant that the army should not retreat,
  850. order it to retire.</p>
  851.  
  852. <p>This is to tie the army as with a string.</p>
  853.  
  854. <p>Ignorant of military affairs, to rule the
  855. armies in the same way as the state.</p>
  856.  
  857. <p>This is to perplex the soldiers.</p>
  858.  
  859. <p>Ignorant of the situation of the army, to
  860. settle its dispositions.</p>
  861.  
  862. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
  863.  
  864. <p>This is to fill the soldiers with distrust.</p>
  865.  
  866. <p>If the army be perplexed and distrustful,
  867. then dangers from neighbouring princes
  868. arise. The army is confounded, and offered
  869. up to the enemy.</p>
  870.  
  871. <p>There are five occasions when victory can
  872. be foretold:&mdash;</p>
  873.  
  874. <p>When the general knows the time to
  875. fight and when not to fight; or understands
  876. when to employ large or small numbers;
  877. when government and people are of one
  878. mind; when the state is prepared, and
  879. chooses the enemy&rsquo;s unguarded moment for
  880. attack; when the general possesses ability,
  881. and is not interfered with by his prince.</p>
  882.  
  883. <p>These five things are the heralds of
  884. victory.</p>
  885.  
  886. <p>It has been said aforetime that he who
  887. knows both sides has nothing to fear in a
  888. hundred fights; he who is ignorant of the
  889. enemy, and fixes his eyes only on his
  890. own side, conquers, and the next time is
  891. defeated; he who not only is ignorant of
  892. the enemy, but also of his own resources,
  893. is invariably defeated.</p>
  894.  
  895. <hr class="chap" />
  896.  
  897. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
  898.  
  899. <h2><a name="suntzu_IV" id="suntzu_IV">IV</a><br />
  900. THE ORDER OF BATTLE</h2>
  901.  
  902. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  903.  
  904. <p>The ancient masters of war first made
  905. their armies invincible, then waited until
  906. the adversary could with certainty be
  907. defeated.</p>
  908.  
  909. <p>The causes of defeat come from within;
  910. victory is born in the enemy&rsquo;s camp.</p>
  911.  
  912. <p>Skilful soldiers make defeat impossible,
  913. and further render the enemy incapable
  914. of victory.</p>
  915.  
  916. <p>But, as it is written, the conditions
  917. necessary for victory may be present,
  918. but they cannot always be obtained.</p>
  919.  
  920. <p>If victory be unattainable, we stand
  921. on the defensive; if victory be sure, we
  922. attack.</p>
  923.  
  924. <p>Deficiency compels defence; super-abundance
  925. permits attack.</p>
  926.  
  927. <p>The skilful in defence crouch, hidden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
  928. in the deepest shades; the skilful in attack
  929. push to the topmost heaven.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
  930.  
  931. <p>If these precepts be observed, victory is
  932. certain.</p>
  933.  
  934. <p>A victory, even if popularly proclaimed
  935. as such by the common folk, may not be
  936. a true success. To win in fight, and for
  937. the kingdom to say, &ldquo;Well done,&rdquo; does
  938. not mark the summit of attainment. To
  939. lift an autumn fleece<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> is no proof of
  940. strength; the eyes that only see the sun
  941. and moon are not the eagle&rsquo;s; to hear the
  942. thunder is no great thing.</p>
  943.  
  944. <p>As has been said aforetime, the able
  945. warrior gains the victory without desperate
  946. and bloody engagements, and wins thereby
  947. no reputation for wisdom or brave deeds.
  948. To fight is to win, for he attacks only when
  949. the enemy has sown the seeds of defeat.</p>
  950.  
  951. <p>Moreover, the skilful soldier in a secure
  952. position does not let pass the moment
  953. when the enemy should be attacked.</p>
  954.  
  955. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
  956.  
  957. <p>The army that conquers makes certain of
  958. victory, and then seeks battle.</p>
  959.  
  960. <p>The army destined to defeat, fights,
  961. trusting that chance may bring success to
  962. its arms.</p>
  963.  
  964. <p>The skilful leader is steadfast in the
  965. &ldquo;Way&rdquo;; upholds the Law, and thereby
  966. controls the issue.</p>
  967.  
  968. <p>Touching the laws of war, it is said: first,
  969. the rule; second, the measure; third, the
  970. tables; fourth, the scales; fifth, the foretelling
  971. of victory.</p>
  972.  
  973. <p>For the rule is the survey of land; the
  974. measure tells the amount of that land&rsquo;s
  975. produce; the tables its population; from
  976. the scales their weight or quality is made
  977. known; and then can we calculate victory
  978. or defeat.</p>
  979.  
  980. <p>The army that conquers as against the
  981. army destined to defeat, is as a beam
  982. against a feather in the scales. The attack
  983. of conquering forces is as the outburst of
  984. long-pent-up waters into sunken valleys.</p>
  985.  
  986. <p>Such are the orders of battle.</p>
  987.  
  988. <hr class="chap" />
  989.  
  990. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
  991.  
  992. <h2><a name="suntzu_V" id="suntzu_V">V</a><br />
  993. THE SPIRIT OF THE TROOPS</h2>
  994.  
  995. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  996.  
  997. <p>The control of large numbers is possible,
  998. and like unto that of small numbers, if we
  999. subdivide them.</p>
  1000.  
  1001. <p>By means of drum, bell and flag,<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> the
  1002. direction of large forces in battle is possible,
  1003. and like unto the direction of small forces.</p>
  1004.  
  1005. <p>By the skilful interchange of normal and
  1006. abnormal man&oelig;uvres are the armies certainly
  1007. preserved from defeat.</p>
  1008.  
  1009. <p>The enemy is crushed, like the fall of a
  1010. grindstone upon an egg, by knowledge of
  1011. his strength and weakness, and by the
  1012. employment of truth and artifice.</p>
  1013.  
  1014. <p>Moreover, in battle the enemy is engaged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
  1015. with the normal and defeated by the
  1016. abnormal force.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
  1017.  
  1018. <p>The abnormal force, skilfully handled,
  1019. is like the heaven and earth, eternal;
  1020. as the tides and the flow of rivers, unceasing;
  1021. like the sun and moon, for ever
  1022. interchanging; coming and passing, as the
  1023. seasons.</p>
  1024.  
  1025. <p>There are five notes; but by combinations,
  1026. innumerable harmonies are produced.
  1027. There are but five colours; but if we mix
  1028. them, the shades are infinite. There are
  1029. five tastes, but if we mix them there
  1030. are more flavours than the palate can
  1031. distinguish.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p>
  1032.  
  1033. <p>In war there are but two forces, the
  1034. normal and the abnormal; but they are
  1035. capable of infinite variation. Their mutual
  1036. interchange is like a wheel, having neither
  1037. beginning or end. They are a mystery
  1038. that none can penetrate.</p>
  1039.  
  1040. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p>
  1041.  
  1042. <p>As the rush of rock-shouldering torrents,
  1043. so is the spirit of the troops.</p>
  1044.  
  1045. <p>Like the well-judged flight of the falcon,
  1046. in a flash crushing its quarry, so should the
  1047. stroke be timed.</p>
  1048.  
  1049. <p>Wherefore the spirit of the good fighter
  1050. is terrifying, his occasions sudden; like the
  1051. stretched cross-bow, whose string is released
  1052. at the touch of the trigger.</p>
  1053.  
  1054. <p>In the maze and tumult of the battle,
  1055. there is no confusion; in the thick of action
  1056. the battle array is impenetrable.</p>
  1057.  
  1058. <p>If discipline be perfect, disorder can be
  1059. simulated; if truly bold, we can feign fear;
  1060. if really strong, we can feign weakness.</p>
  1061.  
  1062. <p>We simulate disorder by subdivision;
  1063. fear, by spirit; weakness, by battle formation.</p>
  1064.  
  1065. <p>We set the enemy in motion by adopting
  1066. different formations to which he must
  1067. conform.</p>
  1068.  
  1069. <p>If we offer the enemy a point of
  1070. advantage, he will certainly take it: we
  1071. give him an advantage, set him in motion
  1072. and then fall upon him.</p>
  1073.  
  1074. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p>
  1075.  
  1076. <p>Wherefore the good fighter seeks victory
  1077. from spirit, and does not depend entirely
  1078. upon the skill of his men. He is careful
  1079. in his choice, and leaves the rest to battle
  1080. force; yet, when an opening or advantage
  1081. shows, he pushes it to its limits.</p>
  1082.  
  1083. <p>As a log or rock which, motionless on
  1084. flat ground, yet moves with ever-increasing
  1085. force when set on an incline, so await the
  1086. opportunity, and so act when the opportunity
  1087. arrives.</p>
  1088.  
  1089. <p>If the general be skilful, the spirit of his
  1090. troops is as the impetus of a round stone
  1091. rolled from the top of a high mountain.</p>
  1092.  
  1093. <hr class="chap" />
  1094. <h2><a name="suntzu_VI" id="suntzu_VI">VI</a><br />
  1095. EMPTINESS AND STRENGTH</h2>
  1096.  
  1097. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  1098.  
  1099. <p>To be the first in the field, and there to
  1100. await the enemy, is to husband strength.</p>
  1101.  
  1102. <p>To be late, and hurrying to advance to
  1103. meet the foe, is exhausting.</p>
  1104.  
  1105. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p>
  1106.  
  1107. <p>The good fighter contrives to make the
  1108. enemy approach; he does not allow himself
  1109. to be beguiled by the enemy.</p>
  1110.  
  1111. <p>By offering an apparent advantage, he
  1112. induces the enemy to take up a position
  1113. that will cause his defeat; he plants obstructions
  1114. to dissuade him from acting in
  1115. such a way as to threaten his own dispositions.</p>
  1116.  
  1117. <p>If the enemy be at rest in comfortable
  1118. quarters, harass him; if he be living in
  1119. plenty, cut off his supplies; if sitting
  1120. composedly awaiting attack, cause him to
  1121. move.</p>
  1122.  
  1123. <p>This may be done by appearing where
  1124. the enemy is not, and assaulting unexpected
  1125. points.</p>
  1126.  
  1127. <p>If we go where the enemy is not, we may
  1128. go a thousand leagues without exhaustion.</p>
  1129.  
  1130. <p>If we attack those positions which the
  1131. enemy has not defended, we invariably take
  1132. them: but on the defence we must be
  1133. strong, even where we are not likely to
  1134. be attacked.</p>
  1135.  
  1136. <p>Against those skilful in attack, the enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
  1137. does not know where to defend: against
  1138. those skilful in defence, the enemy does
  1139. not know where to attack.</p>
  1140.  
  1141. <p>Now the secrets of the art of offence are
  1142. not to be easily apprehended, as a certain
  1143. shape or noise can be understood, of the
  1144. senses; but when these secrets are once
  1145. learnt, the enemy is mastered.</p>
  1146.  
  1147. <p>We attack, and the enemy cannot resist,
  1148. because we attack his insufficiency; we
  1149. retire, and the enemy cannot pursue,
  1150. because we retire too quickly.</p>
  1151.  
  1152. <p>Again, when we are anxious to fight, but
  1153. the enemy is serenely secure behind high
  1154. walls and deep moats; we attack some
  1155. such other place that he must certainly
  1156. come out to relieve.</p>
  1157.  
  1158. <p>When we do not want to fight, we
  1159. occupy an unfortified line; and prevent the
  1160. enemy from attacking by keeping him in
  1161. suspense.</p>
  1162.  
  1163. <p>By making feints, and causing the enemy
  1164. to be uncertain as to our movements, we
  1165. unite, whilst he must divide.</p>
  1166.  
  1167. <p>We become one body; the enemy being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
  1168. separated into ten parts. We attack the
  1169. divided ten with the united one. We are
  1170. many, the enemy is few, and in superiority
  1171. of numbers there is economy of strength.</p>
  1172.  
  1173. <p>The place selected for attack must be
  1174. kept secret. If the enemy know not
  1175. where he will be attacked, he must prepare
  1176. in every quarter, and so be everywhere
  1177. weak.</p>
  1178.  
  1179. <p>If the enemy strengthen his front, he
  1180. must weaken his rear; if he strengthen
  1181. his right, his left is weakened; and if he
  1182. strengthen his left, his right is weakened.</p>
  1183.  
  1184. <p>Everywhere to make preparations, is to be
  1185. everywhere weak. The enemy is weakened
  1186. by his extended preparations, and we gain
  1187. in strength.</p>
  1188.  
  1189. <p>Having decided on the place and day
  1190. of attack, though the enemy be a hundred
  1191. leagues away, we can defeat him.</p>
  1192.  
  1193. <p>If the ground and occasion be not known,
  1194. the front cannot help the rear; the left
  1195. cannot support the right, nor the right the
  1196. left, nor the rear the front. For on occasion,
  1197. the parts of the army are two score<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
  1198. leagues apart, while a distance of four or
  1199. five leagues is comparatively close.</p>
  1200.  
  1201. <p>The soldiers of Wu<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> are less than the
  1202. soldiers of Yueh; but as superiority in
  1203. numbers does not of necessity bring victory,
  1204. I say, then, that we may obtain the victory.</p>
  1205.  
  1206. <p>If the enemy be many in number, prevent
  1207. him from taking advantage of his
  1208. superiority, and ascertain his plan of operations.
  1209. Provoke the enemy and discover
  1210. the state of his troops; feint and discover
  1211. the strength of his position. Flap the
  1212. wings, and unmask his sufficiency or insufficiency.
  1213. By constant feints and excursions,
  1214. we may produce on the enemy an
  1215. impression of intangibility, which neither
  1216. spies nor art can dispel.</p>
  1217.  
  1218. <p>The general makes his plans in accordance
  1219. with the dispositions of the enemy,
  1220. and puts his hosts in motion; but the
  1221. multitude cannot appreciate the general&rsquo;s
  1222. intention; they see the signs of victory, but
  1223. they cannot discover the means.</p>
  1224.  
  1225. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
  1226.  
  1227. <p>If a victory be gained by a certain
  1228. stratagem, do not repeat it. Vary the
  1229. stratagem according to circumstances.</p>
  1230.  
  1231. <p>An army may be likened to water.</p>
  1232.  
  1233. <p>Water leaves dry the high places, and
  1234. seeks the hollows. An army turns from
  1235. strength and attacks emptiness.</p>
  1236.  
  1237. <p>The flow of water is regulated by the
  1238. shape of the ground; victory is gained by
  1239. acting in accordance with the state of the
  1240. enemy.</p>
  1241.  
  1242. <p>The shape of water is indeterminate;
  1243. likewise the spirit of war is not fixed.</p>
  1244.  
  1245. <p>The leader who changes his tactics in
  1246. accordance with his adversary, and thereby
  1247. controls the issue, may be called the God
  1248. of war.</p>
  1249.  
  1250. <p>Among the five elements<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> there is no
  1251. settled precedence; the four seasons come
  1252. and go; the days are long and short; and
  1253. the moon waxes and wanes. <i>So in war
  1254. there is no fixity.</i></p>
  1255.  
  1256. <hr class="chap" />
  1257.  
  1258. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p>
  1259.  
  1260. <h2><a name="suntzu_VII" id="suntzu_VII">VII</a><br />
  1261. BATTLE TACTICS</h2>
  1262.  
  1263. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  1264.  
  1265. <p>For the most part, military procedure
  1266. is as follows:&mdash;</p>
  1267.  
  1268. <p>The general receives orders from his
  1269. lord; assembles and settles harmony
  1270. among the forces, and takes the field.</p>
  1271.  
  1272. <p>There is nothing more difficult than
  1273. Battle Tactics. Their difficulty lies in the
  1274. calculation of time and distance, and the
  1275. reversal of misfortune.</p>
  1276.  
  1277. <p>To make the enemy take a circuitous
  1278. route by a show of gain, and then, whilst
  1279. starting after him, to arrive before him, is
  1280. to be a master of the art of man&oelig;uvre.</p>
  1281.  
  1282. <p>The operations of an army may reap
  1283. advantage; the wrangles of a multitude
  1284. are fraught with peril.</p>
  1285.  
  1286. <p>Employing our whole force at one time
  1287. in order to gain advantage over the enemy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
  1288. we may not have time enough to gain our
  1289. object. If we push on with a portion of the
  1290. force only, the transport is lost. Discarding
  1291. helmet and armour; stopping neither day
  1292. nor night; marching double distance; doing
  1293. double work; and finally contending with
  1294. the enemy at a distance of a hundred
  1295. leagues: results in the loss of the general.
  1296. Since the strong men arrive first, and the
  1297. tired drop in rear, only one-tenth of the
  1298. forces is available.</p>
  1299.  
  1300. <p>A forced march of fifty leagues to secure
  1301. an advantage may result in failure to the
  1302. leader of the vanguard, for only half his
  1303. men will arrive.</p>
  1304.  
  1305. <p>After a forced march of thirty leagues
  1306. to secure an advantage, only two-thirds of
  1307. the army will be available.</p>
  1308.  
  1309. <p>Further, a lack of ammunition, of supplies,
  1310. or of stores, may lead to disaster.</p>
  1311.  
  1312. <p>The ruler who is ignorant of the designs
  1313. of neighbouring princes, cannot treat with
  1314. them.</p>
  1315.  
  1316. <p>He who is ignorant of mountain and
  1317. forest, defile and marsh, cannot lead an army.</p>
  1318.  
  1319. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
  1320.  
  1321. <p>He who does not employ a guide, cannot
  1322. gain advantage from the ground.</p>
  1323.  
  1324. <p>Disguise your movements; await a favourable
  1325. opportunity; divide or unite according
  1326. to circumstance.</p>
  1327.  
  1328. <p>Let your attack be swift as the wind;
  1329. your march calm like the forest;<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> your
  1330. occupation devastating as fire. In defence,
  1331. as a mountain rest firm; like darkness impenetrable
  1332. to the enemy. Let your movements
  1333. be swift as the lightning.</p>
  1334.  
  1335. <p>Let as many as possible take part in the
  1336. plunder: distribute the profit from the
  1337. captured territory.</p>
  1338.  
  1339. <p>So he who understands the crooked and
  1340. the straight way conquers.</p>
  1341.  
  1342. <p>These are the methods of Battle Tactics.</p>
  1343.  
  1344. <p>According to the ancient books on war,
  1345. the drum and bell are used, because the
  1346. voice does not carry; the flag is used to
  1347. assist the sight. The use of bell, drum,
  1348. banner and flag is to attract the united
  1349. attention of eye and ear.</p>
  1350.  
  1351. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
  1352.  
  1353. <p>When all are united, the strong are not
  1354. left to go forward alone, the cowardly are
  1355. not free to retreat unrestricted. In this
  1356. way can a multitude be used.</p>
  1357.  
  1358. <p>Therefore in night fighting, beacons and
  1359. drums are largely used; in day fighting, a
  1360. great number of banners and flags and the
  1361. enemy&rsquo;s eyes and ears are confounded.</p>
  1362.  
  1363. <p>We thus awe his army, and defeat his
  1364. general&rsquo;s ambition.</p>
  1365.  
  1366. <p>In the morning the spirits are keen; at
  1367. midday there is a laziness; in the evening
  1368. a desire to return. Wherefore, he who
  1369. uses his soldiers well, avoids the time when
  1370. the spirits are keen; but attacks the enemy
  1371. when he is languid or seeking his camp.</p>
  1372.  
  1373. <p>Thus should the nature of energy be
  1374. turned to account.</p>
  1375.  
  1376. <p>To oppose confusion with order, clamour
  1377. with quiet, is to have the heart under
  1378. control.</p>
  1379.  
  1380. <p>To await an enemy from a distance, to
  1381. oppose hunger with satiety, rest with fatigue,
  1382. is the way to husband strength.</p>
  1383.  
  1384. <p>Do not attack where lines of banners<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
  1385. wave, nor the serried ranks of battle spread,
  1386. but patiently await your time.</p>
  1387.  
  1388. <p>Do not attack an enemy on high ground,
  1389. nor one who has high ground at his back.
  1390. Do not pursue an enemy who is imitating
  1391. flight; do not attack a spirited enemy.</p>
  1392.  
  1393. <p>If the enemy offer an allurement, do
  1394. not take it.</p>
  1395.  
  1396. <p>Do not interfere with an enemy who has
  1397. struck camp, and is about to retire. When
  1398. surrounding an enemy, allow him an outlet.
  1399. Do not press a desperate enemy.</p>
  1400.  
  1401. <p>These are the methods of employing troops.</p>
  1402.  
  1403. <hr class="chap" />
  1404. <h2><a name="suntzu_VIII" id="suntzu_VIII">VIII</a><br />
  1405. THE NINE CHANGES</h2>
  1406.  
  1407. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  1408.  
  1409. <p>In general, the procedure of war is:&mdash;the
  1410. Leader, having received orders from
  1411. his lord, assembles the armies.</p>
  1412.  
  1413. <p>Do not camp on marshy or low-lying
  1414. ground; enter into friendly relations with
  1415. neighbouring states; do not linger in a far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
  1416. country; use stratagem in mountainous and
  1417. wooded country; on death ground, fight.</p>
  1418.  
  1419. <p>There are always roads that must be
  1420. avoided; forces that must not be attacked;
  1421. castles that must not be besieged; ground
  1422. that must not be chosen for encounter;
  1423. orders from the lord that must not be
  1424. obeyed.</p>
  1425.  
  1426. <p>The general who knows the Nine Changes
  1427. understands the use of troops; on the contrary,
  1428. he who does not understand them, can
  1429. make no use of his topographical knowledge.</p>
  1430.  
  1431. <p>In the management of armies, if the art
  1432. of the Nine Changes be understood, a knowledge
  1433. of the Five Advantages is of no avail.</p>
  1434.  
  1435. <p>The wise man considers well both advantage
  1436. and disadvantage. He sees a way out
  1437. of adversity, and on the day of victory to
  1438. danger is not blind.</p>
  1439.  
  1440. <p>In reducing an enemy to submission,
  1441. inflict all possible damage upon him; make
  1442. him undertake useless adventures; also
  1443. make neighbouring rulers move as you
  1444. would desire them by tempting them with
  1445. gain.</p>
  1446.  
  1447. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
  1448.  
  1449. <p>Wherefore in the conduct of war do not
  1450. depend on the enemy&rsquo;s not coming, but
  1451. rely on your own preparations; do not
  1452. count on the enemy not attacking your
  1453. fortress, but leave nothing undefended.</p>
  1454.  
  1455. <p>Generals must be on their guard against
  1456. these five dangerous faults:&mdash;</p>
  1457.  
  1458. <p>Blind impetuosity, which leads to death.</p>
  1459.  
  1460. <p>Over-cautiousness, which leads to capture.</p>
  1461.  
  1462. <p>Quick temper, which brings insult.</p>
  1463.  
  1464. <p>A too rigid propriety, which invites disgrace.</p>
  1465.  
  1466. <p>Over-regard for the troops, which causes
  1467. inconvenience.</p>
  1468.  
  1469. <p>These five faults in the leader are disastrous
  1470. in war. The overthrow of the army
  1471. and the slaughter of the general arise from
  1472. them. Therefore they must be carefully
  1473. considered.</p>
  1474.  
  1475. <hr class="chap" />
  1476.  
  1477. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
  1478.  
  1479. <h2><a name="suntzu_IX" id="suntzu_IX">IX</a><br />
  1480. MOVEMENT OF TROOPS</h2>
  1481.  
  1482. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  1483.  
  1484. <p>Touching the disposal of troops and
  1485. observation of the enemy in relation to
  1486. mountain warfare:&mdash;</p>
  1487.  
  1488. <p>Cross mountains and camp in valleys,
  1489. selecting positions of safety.</p>
  1490.  
  1491. <p>Place the army on high ground, and avoid
  1492. an enemy in high places.</p>
  1493.  
  1494. <p>In relation to water:&mdash;</p>
  1495.  
  1496. <p>After crossing waters, pass on immediately
  1497. to a distance. When the enemy is crossing
  1498. a stream, do not meet and engage him in
  1499. the waters, but strike when half his force
  1500. has passed over. Do not advance on an
  1501. enemy near water, but place the army on
  1502. high ground, and in safety.</p>
  1503.  
  1504. <p>Do not fight when the enemy is between
  1505. the army and the source of the river.</p>
  1506.  
  1507. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p>
  1508.  
  1509. <p>With regard to marshes:&mdash;</p>
  1510.  
  1511. <p>Cross salty marshes quickly; do not linger
  1512. near them.</p>
  1513.  
  1514. <p>If by chance compelled to fight in the
  1515. neighbourhood of a marsh, seek a place
  1516. where there is water and grass, and trees in
  1517. plenty in the rear.</p>
  1518.  
  1519. <p>In open country place the army in a convenient
  1520. place with rising ground in the right
  1521. rear; so that while in front lies death, behind
  1522. there is safety.</p>
  1523.  
  1524. <p>Such is war in flat country.</p>
  1525.  
  1526. <p>Huangti, by observing these things, gained
  1527. the victory over four Princes.</p>
  1528.  
  1529. <p>As a rule, the soldiers prefer high ground
  1530. to low. They prefer sunny places to those
  1531. the sun does not reach.</p>
  1532.  
  1533. <p>If the health of the troops be considered,
  1534. and they are encamped on high and sunny
  1535. ground, diseases will be avoided, and victory
  1536. made certain.</p>
  1537.  
  1538. <p>If there be rising ground, encamp on its
  1539. sunny side and in front of it; for thereby
  1540. the soldiers are benefited, and the ground
  1541. used to our advantage.</p>
  1542.  
  1543. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span></p>
  1544.  
  1545. <p>If, owing to rains in the upper reaches,
  1546. the river become turbulent, do not cross
  1547. until the waters have quieted.</p>
  1548.  
  1549. <p>Steep and impassable valleys; well-like
  1550. places; confined places; tangled impenetrable
  1551. ground; swamps and bogs; narrow
  1552. passages with pitfalls:&mdash;quickly pass from
  1553. these, and approach them not. Cause the
  1554. enemy to approach near to them, but
  1555. keep yourself from these places; face
  1556. them, so that the enemy has them in his
  1557. rear.</p>
  1558.  
  1559. <p>If there be near to the army, precipices,
  1560. ponds, meres, reeds and rushes, or thick
  1561. forests and trees, search them thoroughly.
  1562. These are places where the enemy is likely
  1563. to be in ambush.</p>
  1564.  
  1565. <p>When the enemy is close, but quiet, he is
  1566. strong in reliance on natural defences.</p>
  1567.  
  1568. <p>If the enemy challenge to fight from afar,
  1569. he wishes you to advance.</p>
  1570.  
  1571. <p>If the enemy be encamped in open
  1572. country, it is with some special object in
  1573. view.</p>
  1574.  
  1575. <p>Movement among the trees shows that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
  1576. the enemy is advancing. Broken branches
  1577. and trodden grass, as of the passing of a
  1578. large host, must be regarded with suspicion.</p>
  1579.  
  1580. <p>The rising of birds shows an ambush.</p>
  1581.  
  1582. <p>Startled beasts show that the enemy is
  1583. stealthily approaching from several sides.</p>
  1584.  
  1585. <p>High, straight spurts of dust betoken
  1586. that chariots are coming.</p>
  1587.  
  1588. <p>Long, low masses of dust show the
  1589. coming of infantry.</p>
  1590.  
  1591. <p>Here and there, thin and high columns
  1592. of dust are signs that firewood and fodder
  1593. are being collected.</p>
  1594.  
  1595. <p>Small clouds of dust moving to and fro
  1596. are signs that the enemy is preparing to
  1597. encamp for a short time.</p>
  1598.  
  1599. <p>Busy preparations and smooth words
  1600. show that the enemy is about to advance
  1601. to attack.</p>
  1602.  
  1603. <p>Big words, and the spurring forward of
  1604. horsemen, are signs that the enemy is about
  1605. to retire.</p>
  1606.  
  1607. <p>An advance of the light chariots to the
  1608. flanks of the camp is a sign that the enemy
  1609. is coming forth to fight.</p>
  1610.  
  1611. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
  1612.  
  1613. <p>Without consultation, suddenly to desire
  1614. an armistice, is a mark of ulterior design.</p>
  1615.  
  1616. <p>The passing to and fro of messengers,
  1617. and the forming up of troops, show that the
  1618. enemy has some movement on foot.</p>
  1619.  
  1620. <p>An advance, followed by sudden retirement,
  1621. is a lure to attack.</p>
  1622.  
  1623. <p>When the enemy use their weapons to
  1624. rest upon, they are hungry.</p>
  1625.  
  1626. <p>If the drawers of water drink at the river,
  1627. the enemy is suffering from thirst.</p>
  1628.  
  1629. <p>Disregard of booty that lies ready at hand
  1630. is a sign of exhaustion.</p>
  1631.  
  1632. <p>The clustering of birds round a position
  1633. shows that it is unoccupied.</p>
  1634.  
  1635. <p>Voices calling in the night betoken alarm.</p>
  1636.  
  1637. <p>Disorder in the army is a sign that the
  1638. general is disregarded.</p>
  1639.  
  1640. <p>A changing about of flags and banners
  1641. is a sign that the army is unsettled.</p>
  1642.  
  1643. <p>If the officers be angry, it is because the
  1644. soldiers are tired, <i>and slow to obey</i>.</p>
  1645.  
  1646. <p>The killing of horses for food shows that
  1647. the enemy is short of provisions.</p>
  1648.  
  1649. <p>When the cooking-pots are hung up on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
  1650. the wall and the soldiers turn not in again,
  1651. the enemy is at an end of his resources.</p>
  1652.  
  1653. <p>Exceeding graciousness and familiarity
  1654. on the part of the general show that he
  1655. has lost the confidence of the soldiers.</p>
  1656.  
  1657. <p>Frequent rewards show that discipline is
  1658. at an end.</p>
  1659.  
  1660. <p>Frequent punishments are a sign that the
  1661. general is in difficulties.</p>
  1662.  
  1663. <p>The general who first blusters, and then
  1664. is obsequious, is without perception.</p>
  1665.  
  1666. <p>He who offers apologies and hostages
  1667. is anxious for a truce.</p>
  1668.  
  1669. <p>When both sides, eager for a fight, face
  1670. each other for a considerable time, neither
  1671. advancing nor retiring, the occasion requires
  1672. the utmost vigilance and circumspection.</p>
  1673.  
  1674. <p>Numbers are no certain mark of strength.</p>
  1675.  
  1676. <p>Even if incapable of a headlong assault,
  1677. if the forces be united, and the enemy&rsquo;s
  1678. condition ascertained, victory is possible.</p>
  1679.  
  1680. <p>He who without taking thought makes
  1681. light of the enemy is certain to be captured.</p>
  1682.  
  1683. <p>If a general who is strange to the troops
  1684. punish them, they cease to obey him. If<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
  1685. they are not obedient, they cannot be
  1686. usefully employed.</p>
  1687.  
  1688. <p>If the troops know the general, but are not
  1689. affected by his punishments, they are useless.</p>
  1690.  
  1691. <p>By humane treatment we obtain obedience;
  1692. authority brings uniformity. Thus
  1693. we obtain victory.</p>
  1694.  
  1695. <p>If the people have been trained in obedience
  1696. from the beginning, they respect their
  1697. leader&rsquo;s commands.</p>
  1698.  
  1699. <p>If the people be not early trained to
  1700. obedience, they do not respect their leader&rsquo;s
  1701. commands.</p>
  1702.  
  1703. <p>Orders are always obeyed, if general and
  1704. soldiers are in sympathy.</p>
  1705.  
  1706. <hr class="chap" />
  1707. <h2><a name="suntzu_X" id="suntzu_X">X</a><br />
  1708. GROUND</h2>
  1709.  
  1710. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  1711.  
  1712. <p>With regard to the different natures of
  1713. ground there are:&mdash;</p>
  1714.  
  1715. <p>Open ground; broken ground; suspended
  1716. ground; defiles; precipices; far countries.</p>
  1717.  
  1718. <p>Open ground is that where either side has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
  1719. liberty of movement: be quick to occupy
  1720. any high ground in the neighbourhood and
  1721. consider well the line of supplies.</p>
  1722.  
  1723. <p>Broken ground. Advance is easy, but
  1724. retreat from it is difficult. Here, if the
  1725. enemy be not prepared, we may win: but
  1726. should he be prepared, and defeat us, and
  1727. retreat be impossible, then there is disaster.</p>
  1728.  
  1729. <p>Suspended ground. The side that takes
  1730. the initiative is under a disadvantage.
  1731. Here, if the enemy offer some allurement,
  1732. we should not advance: but rather, by
  1733. feigning retreat, wait until he has put forth
  1734. half his force. Then we may attack him
  1735. with advantage.</p>
  1736.  
  1737. <p>Defiles, make haste to occupy; garrison
  1738. strongly and await the enemy. Should the
  1739. enemy be before you, and in strength, do
  1740. not engage him; but if there be unoccupied
  1741. points, attack him.</p>
  1742.  
  1743. <p>In precipitous ground quickly occupy
  1744. a position on a sunny height, and await
  1745. the enemy. If the enemy be before you,
  1746. withdraw and do not attack him.</p>
  1747.  
  1748. <p>If distant from the enemy, and the forces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
  1749. be equal, to take the initiative is disadvantageous.</p>
  1750.  
  1751. <p>Now, these are the six kinds of ground.
  1752. It is the duty of generals to study them.</p>
  1753.  
  1754. <p>Again, there are six calamities among the
  1755. troops, arising, not from defect of ground, or
  1756. lack of opportunity, but from the general&rsquo;s
  1757. incapacity.</p>
  1758.  
  1759. <p>These are: repulse, relaxation, distress,
  1760. disorganisation, confusion and rout.</p>
  1761.  
  1762. <p>If troops be sent to attack an enemy of
  1763. equal quality, but ten times their number,
  1764. they retire discomfited.</p>
  1765.  
  1766. <p>Strong soldiers with weak officers cause
  1767. relaxation.</p>
  1768.  
  1769. <p>Able officers with feeble soldiers cause
  1770. distress.</p>
  1771.  
  1772. <p>Enraged senior officers, who fall upon the
  1773. enemy without orders, and obey not the
  1774. general because he does not recognise their
  1775. abilities, produce disorganisation.</p>
  1776.  
  1777. <p>Weak and amiable generals, whose directions
  1778. and leadership are vague, whose
  1779. officers&rsquo; and men&rsquo;s duties are not fixed,
  1780. and whose dispositions are contradictory,
  1781. produce confusion.</p>
  1782.  
  1783. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
  1784.  
  1785. <p>Generals, who are unable to estimate the
  1786. enemy, who oppose small numbers to large,
  1787. weakness to strength, and who do not put
  1788. picked men in the van of the army, cause
  1789. it to be routed.</p>
  1790.  
  1791. <p>These six things lead to defeat. It is the
  1792. duty of the general to study them carefully.</p>
  1793.  
  1794. <p>Ground is the handmaid of victory.</p>
  1795.  
  1796. <p>Ability to estimate the enemy, and plan
  1797. the victory; an eye for steepness, command
  1798. and distances: these are the qualities of the
  1799. good general.</p>
  1800.  
  1801. <p>Whosoever knows these things, conquers;
  1802. he who understands them not, is defeated.</p>
  1803.  
  1804. <p>If victory be certain from the military
  1805. standpoint, fight, even if the lord forbid.</p>
  1806.  
  1807. <p>If defeat be certain from the military
  1808. standpoint, do not fight, even though the
  1809. lord commands it.</p>
  1810.  
  1811. <p>The general who advances, from no
  1812. thought of his own glory, or retires, regardless
  1813. of punishment; but only strives for
  1814. the people&rsquo;s welfare, and his lord&rsquo;s advantage,
  1815. is a treasure to the state.</p>
  1816.  
  1817. <p>The good general cares for his soldiers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
  1818. and lovingly treats them as his children;
  1819. as a consequence they follow him through
  1820. deep valleys, and are beside him in death.</p>
  1821.  
  1822. <p>Nevertheless, over-care for the soldiers
  1823. may cause disobedience; over-attention may
  1824. make them unserviceable; over-indulgence
  1825. may produce disorder: they become like
  1826. spoilt children, and cannot be used.</p>
  1827.  
  1828. <p>He who is confident of his own men, but
  1829. is ignorant that the enemy should not be
  1830. attacked, has no certainty of victory.</p>
  1831.  
  1832. <p>He who knows that the enemy may be
  1833. attacked with advantage, but knows not
  1834. his own men, has no certainty of victory.</p>
  1835.  
  1836. <p>Confidence in the troops, right judgment
  1837. when to attack the enemy, but ignorance
  1838. of the ground, bring uncertain victory.</p>
  1839.  
  1840. <p>The wise soldier, once in motion, does
  1841. not waver, and is never at a loss.</p>
  1842.  
  1843. <p>As has been said: &ldquo;Know thyself; know
  1844. the enemy; fear not for victory.&rdquo;</p>
  1845.  
  1846. <p>Also, if the season and the opportunity
  1847. be realised, and the ground known, complete
  1848. victory is certain.</p>
  1849.  
  1850. <hr class="chap" />
  1851.  
  1852. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
  1853.  
  1854. <h2><a name="suntzu_XI" id="suntzu_XI">XI</a><br />
  1855. THE NINE GROUNDS</h2>
  1856.  
  1857. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  1858.  
  1859. <p>In respect to the conduct of war there
  1860. are:&mdash;</p>
  1861.  
  1862. <p>Distracting ground; disturbing ground;
  1863. ground of contention; intersecting ground;
  1864. path-ridden ground; deeply-involved ground;
  1865. difficult ground; enclosed ground; death
  1866. ground.</p>
  1867.  
  1868. <p>At all times, when the prince fights in his
  1869. own territory, it is called distracting<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> ground.</p>
  1870.  
  1871. <p>That ground a short way inside the enemy&rsquo;s
  1872. border is called disturbing ground.</p>
  1873.  
  1874. <p>Ground giving advantage to whichever
  1875. side is in possession, is called ground of
  1876. contention.</p>
  1877.  
  1878. <p>Ground to which either side has access,
  1879. is called intersecting ground.</p>
  1880.  
  1881. <p>Ground between three provinces first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
  1882. possession of which enables the peoples of
  1883. the earth to be controlled, is called path-ridden
  1884. ground.</p>
  1885.  
  1886. <p>The interior of the enemy&rsquo;s country with
  1887. many of his fortified towns in rear, is called
  1888. deeply-involved ground.</p>
  1889.  
  1890. <p>Mountain and forest, precipices, ravines,
  1891. marsh and swamp, all places where passage
  1892. is hard, are called difficult ground.</p>
  1893.  
  1894. <p>A narrow entrance and winding outlet,
  1895. where a small number can oppose a large
  1896. force, is called enclosed ground.</p>
  1897.  
  1898. <p>That ground where delay means disaster,
  1899. is called death ground.</p>
  1900.  
  1901. <p>Wherefore, do not fight on distracting
  1902. ground; do not linger on disturbing ground.</p>
  1903.  
  1904. <p>If the enemy be in possession of disputed
  1905. ground, do not attack.</p>
  1906.  
  1907. <p>In intersecting ground, do not interrupt
  1908. the highways.</p>
  1909.  
  1910. <p>At the crossing of highways, cultivate
  1911. intercourse.</p>
  1912.  
  1913. <p>When deeply involved, levy and store
  1914. up the enemy&rsquo;s property.</p>
  1915.  
  1916. <p>Quickly depart from difficult ground.</p>
  1917.  
  1918. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
  1919.  
  1920. <p>On enclosed ground, use stratagem.</p>
  1921.  
  1922. <p>On death ground, fight.</p>
  1923.  
  1924. <p>The skilful fighters of old were at pains
  1925. to disconnect the enemy&rsquo;s front and rear;
  1926. they cut asunder small and large forces of
  1927. the enemy; prevented mutual help between
  1928. his officers and men; spread mistrust
  1929. between high and low. They scattered the
  1930. enemy, and prevented him from concentrating;
  1931. if his soldiers were assembled, they
  1932. were without unity.</p>
  1933.  
  1934. <p>If there be a chance of victory, move; if
  1935. there be no chance of success, stand fast.</p>
  1936.  
  1937. <p>If I were asked how a powerful and
  1938. united force of the enemy should be met,
  1939. I would say: lay hands on what the enemy
  1940. cherishes and he will conform to our desires.</p>
  1941.  
  1942. <p>In war, above all, speed sustains the
  1943. spirit of the troops. Strike before the
  1944. enemy is ready; and attack his unpreparedness
  1945. from an unexpected quarter.</p>
  1946.  
  1947. <p>With regard to war in foreign lands.
  1948. When strangers in a far country the soldiers
  1949. are united and are proof against defeat.
  1950. Plunder fertile plains so that the army is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>
  1951. fed; be careful of the health of the soldiers;
  1952. do not tire them uselessly; unite their
  1953. minds; store up strength; plan well and
  1954. secretly. If there be no refuge the soldiers
  1955. will not fly from death.</p>
  1956.  
  1957. <p>If there be no alternative but death, the
  1958. soldiers exert themselves to the utmost.</p>
  1959.  
  1960. <p>In desperate places, soldiers lose the sense
  1961. of fear.</p>
  1962.  
  1963. <p>If there be no place of refuge, there
  1964. will be no wavering.</p>
  1965.  
  1966. <p>If deeply involved in the enemy&rsquo;s country,
  1967. there is unity.</p>
  1968.  
  1969. <p>If it be unavoidable, the soldiers will
  1970. fight their hardest. Even without warnings
  1971. they are vigilant; they comply without
  1972. insistence; without stipulations they are
  1973. tractable; without explicit instructions they
  1974. will trust the general and obey him.</p>
  1975.  
  1976. <p>Prohibit the discussion of signs and
  1977. omens, and remove the soldiers&rsquo; doubts;
  1978. then to the moment of death they will be
  1979. undistracted.</p>
  1980.  
  1981. <p>Riches are denied the soldiers, not because
  1982. money is a bad thing; old age is forbidden<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
  1983. them, but not because long life is evil.
  1984. Hardships and danger are the proper lot
  1985. of the soldier.</p>
  1986.  
  1987. <p>When the order for attack is given, the
  1988. collars of those who are sitting may be wet
  1989. with tears; tears may roll down the cheeks
  1990. of those reclining; yet these men, in a
  1991. desperate place, will fight with the courage
  1992. of Chu and Kuei.</p>
  1993.  
  1994. <p>Soldiers should be used like the snakes on
  1995. Mt. Chang; which, if you hit on the head,
  1996. the tail will strike you; if you hit the tail,
  1997. the head will strike you; if you strike its
  1998. middle, head and tail will strike you
  1999. together.</p>
  2000.  
  2001. <p>Should any one ask me whether men
  2002. can be made to move like these snakes,
  2003. I say, yes. The men of Wu and Yueh
  2004. hate each other; yet, if they cross a river
  2005. in the same boat and a storm overtake
  2006. them, they help each other like the two
  2007. hands.</p>
  2008.  
  2009. <p>The horses may be tied, and the chariot
  2010. wheels sunk in the mud; but that does not
  2011. prevent flight.</p>
  2012.  
  2013. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p>
  2014.  
  2015. <p>Universal courage and unity depend on
  2016. good management.</p>
  2017.  
  2018. <p>The best results from both the weak and
  2019. strong are obtained by a proper use of the
  2020. ground.</p>
  2021.  
  2022. <p>The skilful warrior can lead his army, as
  2023. a man leads another by the hand, because
  2024. he places it in a desperate position.</p>
  2025.  
  2026. <p>The general should be calm, inscrutable,
  2027. just and prudent. He should keep his
  2028. officers and men in ignorance of his plans,
  2029. and inform no one of any changes or fresh
  2030. departures. By changing his camps, and
  2031. taking devious and unexpected routes, his
  2032. plans cannot be guessed.</p>
  2033.  
  2034. <p>As one taking away the ladder from under
  2035. those mounted upon the roof, so acts the
  2036. general when his men are assembled to fight.
  2037. He penetrates into the heart of the enemy&rsquo;s
  2038. country and then divulges his plans. He
  2039. drives the army hither and thither like a
  2040. flock of sheep, knowing not whither they go.</p>
  2041.  
  2042. <p>Therefore the general should assemble
  2043. the armies, and place them in a desperate
  2044. position.</p>
  2045.  
  2046. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p>
  2047.  
  2048. <p>The different natures of the Nine Grounds;
  2049. the suiting of the means to the occasion;
  2050. the hearts of men: these are things that
  2051. must be studied.</p>
  2052.  
  2053. <p>When deep in the interior of a hostile
  2054. country, there is cohesion; if only on the
  2055. borders, there is distraction. To leave home
  2056. and cross the borders is to be free from
  2057. interference.</p>
  2058.  
  2059. <p>On distracting ground, unite the soldiers&rsquo;
  2060. minds.</p>
  2061.  
  2062. <p>On disturbing ground, keep together.</p>
  2063.  
  2064. <p>On disputed ground, try to take the
  2065. enemy in rear.</p>
  2066.  
  2067. <p>On intersecting ground, look well to the
  2068. defences.</p>
  2069.  
  2070. <p>On path-ridden ground, cultivate intercourse.</p>
  2071.  
  2072. <p>On deeply-involved ground be careful
  2073. of supplies.</p>
  2074.  
  2075. <p>On difficult ground, do not linger.</p>
  2076.  
  2077. <p>On enclosed ground, close the path of
  2078. escape.</p>
  2079.  
  2080. <p>On death ground, show the soldiers that
  2081. there is no chance of survival.</p>
  2082.  
  2083. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
  2084.  
  2085. <p>It is the nature of soldiers to defend when
  2086. surrounded, to fight with energy when compelled
  2087. thereto, to pursue the enemy if he
  2088. retreat.</p>
  2089.  
  2090. <p>He cannot treat with other rulers who
  2091. knows not their ambitions.</p>
  2092.  
  2093. <p>He who knows not mountain and forest;
  2094. cliffs; ravines; lakes and marshes; cannot
  2095. conduct an army.</p>
  2096.  
  2097. <p>He who does not use guides, cannot take
  2098. advantage of the ground.</p>
  2099.  
  2100. <p>He who has not a complete knowledge
  2101. of the Nine Grounds, cannot gain military
  2102. dominion.</p>
  2103.  
  2104. <p>The great general, when attacking a
  2105. powerful nation, prevents the enemy from
  2106. concentrating his hosts.</p>
  2107.  
  2108. <p>He overawes the enemy so that other
  2109. states cannot join against him.</p>
  2110.  
  2111. <p>He does not struggle for the favour of
  2112. other states; nor is he careful of their
  2113. rights. He has confidence in himself, and
  2114. awes the enemy.</p>
  2115.  
  2116. <p>Therefore he easily takes the fortress, or
  2117. reduces the country to subjection.</p>
  2118.  
  2119. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
  2120.  
  2121. <p>In the bestowal of rewards, or in
  2122. his orders, he is not bound by ancient
  2123. rule.</p>
  2124.  
  2125. <p>He manages his forces as though they
  2126. were one man.</p>
  2127.  
  2128. <p>Orders should direct the soldiers; but
  2129. while what is advantageous should be made
  2130. known, what is disadvantageous should be
  2131. concealed.</p>
  2132.  
  2133. <p>If the forces be plunged into danger,
  2134. there is survival; from death ground there
  2135. is retrieval; for the force in danger gains
  2136. the victory.</p>
  2137.  
  2138. <p>Discover the enemy&rsquo;s intentions by conforming
  2139. to his movements. When these
  2140. are discovered, then, with one stroke, the
  2141. general may be killed, even though he
  2142. be one hundred leagues distant.</p>
  2143.  
  2144. <p>When war is declared, close the barriers;
  2145. destroy passports; prevent the passage of
  2146. the enemy&rsquo;s spies; conduct the business
  2147. of the government with vigilance.</p>
  2148.  
  2149. <p>Take immediate advantage of the enemy&rsquo;s
  2150. weakness; discover what he most values,
  2151. and plan to seize it.</p>
  2152.  
  2153. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p>
  2154.  
  2155. <p>Shape your plans according to rule, and
  2156. the circumstances of the enemy.</p>
  2157.  
  2158. <p>At first behave with the discretion of a
  2159. maiden; then, when the enemy gives an
  2160. opening, dart in like a rabbit.</p>
  2161.  
  2162. <p>The enemy cannot defend himself.</p>
  2163.  
  2164. <hr class="chap" />
  2165. <h2><a name="suntzu_XII" id="suntzu_XII">XII</a><br />
  2166. ASSAULT BY FIRE</h2>
  2167.  
  2168. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2169.  
  2170. <p>There are five ways of attack by fire:</p>
  2171.  
  2172. <p>The first is called barrack burning; the
  2173. second, commissariat burning; the third,
  2174. equipment burning; the fourth, store burning;
  2175. the fifth, the company burning.</p>
  2176.  
  2177. <p>The moment for the fire assault must
  2178. be suitable. Further, appliances must
  2179. always be kept at hand.</p>
  2180.  
  2181. <p>There is a time and day proper for the
  2182. setting and carrying out of the fire assault;
  2183. namely: such time as the weather is dry;
  2184. and a day when the moon is in the quarters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
  2185. of the stars Chi, Pi, I, Chen: for these
  2186. are days of wind.</p>
  2187.  
  2188. <p>Regard well the developments that will
  2189. certainly arise from the fire, and act upon
  2190. them. When fire breaks out inside the
  2191. enemy&rsquo;s camp, thrust upon him with all
  2192. speed from without; but if his soldiers be
  2193. quiet, wait, and do not attack.</p>
  2194.  
  2195. <p>When the fire is at its height, attack or
  2196. not, as opportunity may arise.</p>
  2197.  
  2198. <p>If the opportunity be favourable, set fire
  2199. to the enemy&rsquo;s camp, and do not wait for
  2200. it to break out from within.</p>
  2201.  
  2202. <p>When fire breaks out on the windward
  2203. side, do not attack from the leeward.</p>
  2204.  
  2205. <p>Wind that rises in the day lasts long.
  2206. Wind that rises in the night time quickly
  2207. passes away.</p>
  2208.  
  2209. <p>The peculiarities of the five burnings
  2210. must be known, and the calendar studied,
  2211. and, if the attack is to be assisted, the fire
  2212. must be unquenchable.</p>
  2213.  
  2214. <p>If water is to assist the attack, the flood
  2215. must be overwhelming.</p>
  2216.  
  2217. <p>Water may isolate or divide the enemy;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
  2218. fire may consume his camp; but unless
  2219. victory or possession be obtained, the enemy
  2220. quickly recovers, and misfortunes arise. The
  2221. war drags on, and money is spent.</p>
  2222.  
  2223. <p>Let the enlightened lord consider well;
  2224. and the good general keep the main object
  2225. in view. If no advantage is to be gained
  2226. thereby, do not move; without prospect of
  2227. victory, do not use the soldiers; do not
  2228. fight unless the state be in danger.</p>
  2229.  
  2230. <p>War should not be undertaken because
  2231. the lord is in a moment of passion. The
  2232. general must not fight because there is
  2233. anger in his heart.</p>
  2234.  
  2235. <p>Do not make war unless victory may be
  2236. gained thereby; if there be prospect of
  2237. victory, move; if there be no prospect,
  2238. do not move.</p>
  2239.  
  2240. <p>For passion may change to gladness,
  2241. anger passes away; but a country, once
  2242. overturned, cannot be restored; the dead
  2243. cannot be brought to life.</p>
  2244.  
  2245. <p>Wherefore it is written, the enlightened
  2246. lord is circumspect, and the good general
  2247. takes heed; then is the state secure, and
  2248. the army victorious in battle.</p>
  2249.  
  2250. <hr class="chap" />
  2251.  
  2252. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p>
  2253.  
  2254. <h2><a name="suntzu_XIII" id="suntzu_XIII">XIII</a><br />
  2255. THE EMPLOYMENT OF SPIES</h2>
  2256.  
  2257. <p>Sun the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2258.  
  2259. <p>Calling 100,000 men to arms, and transporting
  2260. them a hundred leagues, is such
  2261. an undertaking that in one day 1,000 taels
  2262. of the citizens&rsquo; and nobles&rsquo; money are spent;
  2263. commotions arise within and without the
  2264. state; carriers fall down exhausted on the
  2265. line of march of the army; and the occupations
  2266. of 700,000<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> homes are upset.</p>
  2267.  
  2268. <p>Again, for years the armies may face each
  2269. other; yet the issue may depend on a
  2270. single day&rsquo;s victory.</p>
  2271.  
  2272. <p>Wherefore, by grudging slight expense
  2273. in titles and salaries to spies, to remain in
  2274. ignorance of the enemy&rsquo;s circumstances, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
  2275. to be without humanity. Such a person
  2276. is no general; he is no assistance to his
  2277. lord; he is no master of victory.</p>
  2278.  
  2279. <p>The enlightened ruler and the wise
  2280. general who act, win, and are distinguished
  2281. beyond the common, are informed beforehand.</p>
  2282.  
  2283. <p>This knowledge is not to be got by calling
  2284. on gods and demons; nor does it come
  2285. of past experience nor calculation. It is
  2286. through men that knowledge of the enemy
  2287. is gained.</p>
  2288.  
  2289. <p>Now the five kinds of spies are these:
  2290. village spies, inner spies, converted spies,
  2291. death spies, living spies.</p>
  2292.  
  2293. <p>If these five means be employed simultaneously,
  2294. none can discover their working.
  2295. This is called the Mysterious Thread: it is
  2296. the Lord&rsquo;s Treasure.</p>
  2297.  
  2298. <p>Village spies are such people of the
  2299. country as give information.</p>
  2300.  
  2301. <p>Inner spies are those of the enemy&rsquo;s
  2302. officials employed by us.</p>
  2303.  
  2304. <p>Converted spies are those of the enemy&rsquo;s
  2305. spies in our pay.</p>
  2306.  
  2307. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p>
  2308.  
  2309. <p>Death<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> spies are sent to misinform the
  2310. enemy, and to spread false reports through
  2311. our spies already in the enemy&rsquo;s lines.</p>
  2312.  
  2313. <p>Living spies<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> return to report.</p>
  2314.  
  2315. <p>In connection with the armies, spies
  2316. should be treated with the greatest kindness;
  2317. and in dealing out reward, they
  2318. should receive the most generous treatment.
  2319. All matters relating to spies are secret.</p>
  2320.  
  2321. <p>Without infinite capacity in the general,
  2322. the employment of spies is impossible.
  2323. Their treatment requires benevolence and
  2324. uprightness. Except they be observed with
  2325. the closest attention, the truth will not be
  2326. obtained from them.</p>
  2327.  
  2328. <p>Wonderful indeed is the power of spies.</p>
  2329.  
  2330. <p>There is no occasion when they cannot
  2331. be used.</p>
  2332.  
  2333. <p>If a secret matter be spoken of before
  2334. the time is ripe, the spy who told the
  2335. matter, and the man who repeated the
  2336. same, should be put to death.</p>
  2337.  
  2338. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
  2339.  
  2340. <p>If desirous of attacking an army; of
  2341. besieging a fortress; or of killing a certain
  2342. person; first of all, learn the names of the
  2343. general in charge; of his right-hand<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> men;
  2344. of those who introduce visitors to the
  2345. Presence; of the gate keeper and the
  2346. sentries. Then set the spies to watch them.</p>
  2347.  
  2348. <p>Seek out the enemy&rsquo;s spies who come to
  2349. spy on us; give them money; cause them
  2350. to be lodged and cared for; and convert
  2351. them to the service. Through them we
  2352. are enabled to obtain spies among the
  2353. enemy&rsquo;s villagers and officials.</p>
  2354.  
  2355. <p>By means of the converted spy, we can
  2356. construct a false story for the death spy
  2357. to carry to the enemy.</p>
  2358.  
  2359. <p>It is through the converted spy that we
  2360. are able to use the five varieties, to their
  2361. utmost advantage; therefore he must be
  2362. liberally treated.</p>
  2363.  
  2364. <p>In ancient times the rise to power of
  2365. the province of Yin was due to Ichih,
  2366. who was sent to the country of Hsia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
  2367. Likewise during the foundation of the state
  2368. of Chu, Luya lived among the people of
  2369. Shang.</p>
  2370.  
  2371. <p>Wherefore, intelligent rulers and wise
  2372. generals use the cleverest men as spies,
  2373. and invariably acquire great merit. The
  2374. spy is a necessity to the army. Upon him
  2375. the movement of the army depends.</p>
  2376.  
  2377. <hr class="chap" />
  2378.  
  2379. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p>
  2380.  
  2381. <h2><a name="THE_SAYINGS_OF_WUTZU" id="THE_SAYINGS_OF_WUTZU">THE SAYINGS OF WUTZU</a></h2>
  2382.  
  2383. <h2><a name="wutzu_INTRODUCTION" id="wutzu_INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</a></h2>
  2384.  
  2385. <p>Now Wu, albeit clothed in the raiment
  2386. of a scholar, was a man skilled in the art
  2387. of war.</p>
  2388.  
  2389. <p>And Wen, Lord of Wei, came unto
  2390. him and said:&mdash;</p>
  2391.  
  2392. <p>&ldquo;I am a man of peace, caring not for
  2393. military affairs.&rdquo;</p>
  2394.  
  2395. <p>And Wu said:&mdash;</p>
  2396.  
  2397. <p>&ldquo;Your actions are witnesses of your
  2398. mind; why do your words say not what is
  2399. in your heart?</p>
  2400.  
  2401. <p>&ldquo;You do prepare and dress hides and
  2402. leather through the four seasons, ornamenting
  2403. them with red lacquer and the figures
  2404. of panthers and elephants; which give not
  2405. warmth in winter, neither in summer,
  2406. coolness. Moreover, you make halberds,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
  2407. 24<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> feet long, and pikes 12 feet long, and
  2408. leather (covered) chariots so large as to fill
  2409. up the gateways, wheels with ornament,
  2410. and naves capped with leather. Now, these
  2411. are neither beautiful to the eye nor light
  2412. in the chase; I know not for what use
  2413. my lord makes these things.</p>
  2414.  
  2415. <p>&ldquo;But, although provided with these
  2416. instruments of war, if the leader be not
  2417. competent, a brooding hen might as well
  2418. strike a badger, or a dog with young challenge
  2419. the tiger: the spirit of encounter may
  2420. be present, but there is no end but death.</p>
  2421.  
  2422. <p>&ldquo;In ancient times, the Prince Chengsang
  2423. cultivated virtue, and put away military
  2424. things, and his kingdom fell.</p>
  2425.  
  2426. <p>&ldquo;The Prince Yuhu put his trust in
  2427. numbers, and delighted in war and was
  2428. driven from the throne.</p>
  2429.  
  2430. <p>&ldquo;Therefore the enlightened ruler should
  2431. ponder over these things; encourage learning
  2432. and virtue in the kingdom, and be prepared
  2433. against war from without.</p>
  2434.  
  2435. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p>
  2436.  
  2437. <p>&ldquo;To hesitate before the enemy is not a
  2438. cause for righteousness; remorse for the
  2439. fallen is not true humanity.&rdquo;</p>
  2440.  
  2441. <p>And when Lord Wen heard these words,
  2442. he himself spread a seat, and his wife
  2443. offered up a cup, and Wu was appointed
  2444. general before the altar.</p>
  2445.  
  2446. <p>Now, in the defence of Hsihe against
  2447. different states there were fought seventy-six
  2448. great fights, of which sixty-four were complete
  2449. victories, and the remainder undecided.
  2450. And the kingdom grew and stretched 1,000
  2451. leagues on every side, which was all due
  2452. to the virtue of Wu.</p>
  2453.  
  2454. <hr class="chap" />
  2455. <h2><a name="wutzu_I" id="wutzu_I">I</a><br />
  2456. THE GOVERNMENT OF A COUNTRY</h2>
  2457.  
  2458. <p>And Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2459.  
  2460. <p>The mighty rulers of old first trained
  2461. their retainers, and then extended their
  2462. regard to their outlying feudatories.</p>
  2463.  
  2464. <p>There are four discords:&mdash;</p>
  2465.  
  2466. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span></p>
  2467.  
  2468. <p>Discord in the state: then never make war.</p>
  2469.  
  2470. <p>Discord in the army: then do not strike
  2471. camp.</p>
  2472.  
  2473. <p>Discord in the camp: then do not advance
  2474. to attack.</p>
  2475.  
  2476. <p>Discord in the battle array: then seek
  2477. not to decide the issue.</p>
  2478.  
  2479. <p>Therefore, wise rulers who would employ
  2480. their subjects in great endeavours, should
  2481. first establish harmony among them.</p>
  2482.  
  2483. <p>Lend not a ready ear to human counsellors,
  2484. but lay the matter before the altar; seek
  2485. inside the turtle,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> and consider well the
  2486. time and season. Then, if all be well,
  2487. commit ourselves to the undertaking.</p>
  2488.  
  2489. <p>If the people know that their lord is careful
  2490. of their lives, and laments their death
  2491. beyond all else; then, in the time of danger,
  2492. the soldiers advance, and, advancing, find
  2493. glory in death; and in survival after retreat,
  2494. dishonour.</p>
  2495.  
  2496. <p>The Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2497.  
  2498. <p>The Way must follow the only true<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
  2499. path: righteousness lies at the root of
  2500. achievement and merit.</p>
  2501.  
  2502. <p>The object of stratagem is to avoid loss
  2503. and gain advantage.</p>
  2504.  
  2505. <p>The object of government is to guard
  2506. enterprise and to preserve the state.</p>
  2507.  
  2508. <p>If conduct depart from the Way, and
  2509. the undertaking accord not with righteousness,
  2510. then disaster befalls the mighty.</p>
  2511.  
  2512. <p>Therefore, wise men maintain order by
  2513. keeping in the Way, and governing with
  2514. righteousness; they move with discretion,
  2515. and with benevolence they make the people
  2516. amenable.</p>
  2517.  
  2518. <p>If these four virtues be practised, there
  2519. is prosperity; if they be neglected, there
  2520. is decay.</p>
  2521.  
  2522. <p>For, when Lord Tang of Cheng defeated
  2523. Lord Chieh, the people of Hsia rejoiced,
  2524. and when Wu of Chou defeated Lord
  2525. Chou, the people of Yin were not discomfited.
  2526. And this was because it was
  2527. ordained by Providence and human desire.</p>
  2528.  
  2529. <p>The Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2530.  
  2531. <p>In the government of a country and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
  2532. command of an army, the inculcation of
  2533. propriety, stimulation of righteousness, and
  2534. the promotion of a sense of shame are
  2535. required.</p>
  2536.  
  2537. <p>When men possess a sense of shame,
  2538. they will attack with resolution when in
  2539. strength, and when few in number defend
  2540. to the last.</p>
  2541.  
  2542. <p>But while victory is easy in attack, it
  2543. is difficult in defence.</p>
  2544.  
  2545. <p>Now, of the fighting races below heaven;
  2546. those who gained five victories have been
  2547. worn out; those who have won four victories
  2548. have been impoverished; three victories
  2549. have given dominion; two victories have
  2550. founded a kingdom; and upon one victory
  2551. an empire has been established.</p>
  2552.  
  2553. <p>For those who have gained power on
  2554. earth by many victories are few; and those
  2555. who have lost it, many.</p>
  2556.  
  2557. <p>The Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2558.  
  2559. <p>The causes of war are five:&mdash;</p>
  2560.  
  2561. <p>First, ambition; second, profit; third,
  2562. overburdened hate; fourth, internal disorder;
  2563. fifth, famine.</p>
  2564.  
  2565. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
  2566.  
  2567. <p>Again, the natures of war are five:&mdash;</p>
  2568.  
  2569. <p>First, a righteous war; second, a war of
  2570. might; third, a war of revenge; fourth, a
  2571. war of tyranny; fifth, an unrighteous war.</p>
  2572.  
  2573. <p>The prevention of tyranny and the restoration
  2574. of order is just; to strike in reliance
  2575. on numbers is oppression; to raise the
  2576. standard for reasons of anger is a war of
  2577. revenge; to quit propriety, and seize advantage
  2578. is tyranny; when the state is disordered
  2579. and the people worn out, to harbour
  2580. designs, and set a multitude in motion, is
  2581. a war of unrighteousness.</p>
  2582.  
  2583. <p>There is a way of overcoming each of
  2584. these five.</p>
  2585.  
  2586. <p>Righteousness is overcome by propriety;
  2587. might by humanity; revenge by words;
  2588. tyranny by deception; unrighteousness by
  2589. strategy.</p>
  2590.  
  2591. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  2592.  
  2593. <p>&ldquo;I would know the way to control an
  2594. army, to measure men, and make the
  2595. country strong.&rdquo;</p>
  2596.  
  2597. <p>Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  2598.  
  2599. <p>&ldquo;The enlightened rulers of antiquity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
  2600. respected propriety between sovereign and
  2601. people; established etiquette between high
  2602. and low; settled officials and citizens in close
  2603. accord; gave instruction in accordance with
  2604. custom; selected men of ability, and thereby
  2605. provided against what should come to pass.</p>
  2606.  
  2607. <p>&ldquo;In ancient times, Prince Huan of Chi
  2608. assembled 50,000 men at arms, and became
  2609. chief among the princes; Prince Wen of
  2610. Chin put 40,000 mighty men in the van,
  2611. and gained his ambition; Prince Mu of
  2612. Chin gathered together 30,000 invincibles,
  2613. and subdued his neighbouring foes. Wherefore,
  2614. the princes of powerful states must
  2615. consider their people, and assemble the
  2616. valiant and spirited men by companies.</p>
  2617.  
  2618. <p>&ldquo;Those who delight to attack, and to
  2619. display their valour and fealty should be
  2620. formed in companies.</p>
  2621.  
  2622. <p>&ldquo;Those skilful in scaling heights, or
  2623. covering long distances, and who are quick
  2624. and light of foot must be collected in
  2625. companies.</p>
  2626.  
  2627. <p>&ldquo;Retainers who have lost their rank, and
  2628. who are desirous of displaying their prowess<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
  2629. before their superiors should be gathered
  2630. into companies.</p>
  2631.  
  2632. <p>&ldquo;Those who have abandoned a castle, or
  2633. deserted their trust, and are desirous of
  2634. atoning for their misconduct, should be
  2635. collected and formed into companies.</p>
  2636.  
  2637. <p>&ldquo;These five bodies form the flower of the
  2638. army. With 3,000 of such troops, if they
  2639. issue from within, an encompassing enemy
  2640. can be burst asunder; if they enter from
  2641. without, a castle can be overthrown.&rdquo;</p>
  2642.  
  2643. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  2644.  
  2645. <p>&ldquo;I desire to know how to fix the battle
  2646. array, render defence secure, and attack
  2647. with certainty of victory.&rdquo;</p>
  2648.  
  2649. <p>Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  2650.  
  2651. <p>&ldquo;To see with the eye is better than ready
  2652. words. Yet, I say, if the wise men be put
  2653. in authority and the ignorant in low places,
  2654. then the army is already arranged.</p>
  2655.  
  2656. <p>&ldquo;If the people be free from anxiety
  2657. about their estates, and love their officials,
  2658. then defence is already secure.</p>
  2659.  
  2660. <p>&ldquo;If all the lieges be proud of their lord,
  2661. and think ill of neighbouring states, then
  2662. is the battle already won.&rdquo;</p>
  2663.  
  2664. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
  2665.  
  2666. <p>The Lord Wen once assembled a number
  2667. of his subjects to discuss affairs of state:
  2668. and none could equal him in wisdom, and
  2669. when he left the council chamber his face
  2670. was pleased.</p>
  2671.  
  2672. <p>Then Wu advanced and said:&mdash;</p>
  2673.  
  2674. <p>In ancient times, Lord Chuang of Chu
  2675. once consulted with his lieges, and none were
  2676. like unto him in wisdom; and when the
  2677. Lord left the council chamber his countenance
  2678. was troubled. Then the Duke Shen
  2679. asked and said: &ldquo;Why is my Lord
  2680. troubled?&rdquo; And he answered: &ldquo;I have
  2681. heard that the world is never without sages,
  2682. and that in every country there are wise
  2683. men; that good advisers are the foundation
  2684. of an empire; and friends of dominion.
  2685. Now, if I, lacking wisdom, have no equal
  2686. among the multitude of my officers, dangerous
  2687. indeed is the state of Chu. It grieves
  2688. me that whereas Prince Chuang of Chu
  2689. was troubled in a like case my Lord should
  2690. be pleased.&rdquo;</p>
  2691.  
  2692. <p>And hearing this Lord Wen was inwardly
  2693. troubled.</p>
  2694.  
  2695. <hr class="chap" />
  2696.  
  2697. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
  2698.  
  2699. <h2><a name="wutzu_II" id="wutzu_II">II</a><br />
  2700. ESTIMATION OF THE ENEMY</h2>
  2701.  
  2702. <p>And Lord Wen said to Wu:&mdash;</p>
  2703.  
  2704. <p>&ldquo;Chin threatens us on the west; Chu
  2705. surrounds us on the south; Chao presses
  2706. us in the north; Chi watches us in the
  2707. east; Yen stops our rear, and Han is
  2708. posted in our front. Thus, the armies of
  2709. six nations encompass us on every side, and
  2710. our condition is very unpropitious. Canst
  2711. thou relieve my anxiety?&rdquo;</p>
  2712.  
  2713. <p>Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  2714.  
  2715. <p>&ldquo;The path of safety of a state lies first
  2716. of all in vigilance. Now my Lord has
  2717. already taken warning, wherefore misfortunes
  2718. are yet distant.</p>
  2719.  
  2720. <p>&ldquo;Let me state the habits of these six
  2721. countries. The forces of Chi are weighty
  2722. but without solidity; the soldiers of Chin
  2723. are scattered, and fight each of his own
  2724. accord: the army of Chu is well ordered,
  2725. but cannot endure: the soldiers of Yen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
  2726. defend well, but are without dash: the
  2727. armies of the three Chins are well governed,
  2728. but cannot be used.</p>
  2729.  
  2730. <p>&ldquo;The nature of Chi is stubborn and the
  2731. country rich, but prince and officials are
  2732. proud and luxurious, and neglectful of the
  2733. common people; government is loose and
  2734. rewards not impartial; in one camp there
  2735. are two minds; the front is heavy, but the
  2736. rear is light. Therefore it is ponderous
  2737. without stability. To attack it, the force
  2738. must be divided into three parts, and, by
  2739. threatening it on three sides, its front can
  2740. be broken.</p>
  2741.  
  2742. <p>&ldquo;The nature of Chin is strong, the
  2743. country rugged, and the government firm;
  2744. rewards and punishments just, the people
  2745. indomitable, and all have the fighting
  2746. spirit; wherefore, when separated, each
  2747. fights of his own accord.</p>
  2748.  
  2749. <p>&ldquo;To defeat this people, they must first
  2750. be tempted by gain to leave their cause,
  2751. so that the soldiers, greedy of profit, desert
  2752. their general: then, taking advantage of
  2753. their disobedience, their scattered forces<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
  2754. can be chased, ambushes laid, favourable
  2755. opportunities taken, and their general
  2756. captured.</p>
  2757.  
  2758. <p>&ldquo;The nature of Chu is weak, its territory
  2759. wide, the government weak, and the people
  2760. exhausted; the troops are well ordered but
  2761. of short endurance.</p>
  2762.  
  2763. <p>&ldquo;The way to defeat them is to assault
  2764. their camp, throw it into confusion and
  2765. crush their spirit, advance softly, and retire
  2766. quickly; tire them out, avoid a serious
  2767. encounter, and they may be defeated.</p>
  2768.  
  2769. <p>&ldquo;The nature of Yen is straightforward;
  2770. its people are cautious, loving courage and
  2771. righteousness, and without guile; wherefore
  2772. they defend but are not daring.</p>
  2773.  
  2774. <p>&ldquo;The way to defeat them is to draw
  2775. close and press them; tease them and pass
  2776. to a distance; move quickly, and appear in
  2777. the rear, thus causing bewilderment to their
  2778. officers and fear in their ranks. Our chariots
  2779. and horsemen will act with circumspection
  2780. and avoid encounter. Thus their general
  2781. can be captured.</p>
  2782.  
  2783. <p>&ldquo;The three Chins are the middle king<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>dom:
  2784. their nature is peaceful and their
  2785. rule just. Their people are tired of war;
  2786. their troops are trained, but their leaders
  2787. are despised; pay is small, and the soldiers
  2788. lack the spirit of sacrifice, thus they are well
  2789. governed but cannot be used.</p>
  2790.  
  2791. <p>&ldquo;The way to defeat them is to threaten
  2792. them from afar. If a multitude attack&mdash;defend;
  2793. if they retreat&mdash;pursue, and tire
  2794. them out.</p>
  2795.  
  2796. <p>&ldquo;In every army there are mighty warriors
  2797. with strength to lift the Censer, swifter
  2798. of foot than the war horse; who can take
  2799. the enemy&rsquo;s standard, or slay his general.
  2800. If such men be selected, and set apart,
  2801. cared for and honoured, they are the life
  2802. of the army.</p>
  2803.  
  2804. <p>&ldquo;Those who use the five arms<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> with skill,
  2805. who are clever, strong and quick, and careless
  2806. of the enemy, should be given rank
  2807. and decoration, and used to decide the
  2808. victory. Their parents and families should
  2809. be cared for, encouraged by rewards, and
  2810. kept in fear of punishment. These men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
  2811. consolidate the battle array; their presence
  2812. causes endurance.</p>
  2813.  
  2814. <p>&ldquo;If these men be well selected, double
  2815. their number can be defeated.&rdquo;</p>
  2816.  
  2817. <p>And Lord Wen said:&mdash;</p>
  2818.  
  2819. <p>&ldquo;It is good!&rdquo;</p>
  2820.  
  2821. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  2822.  
  2823. <p>&ldquo;In the estimation of the enemy there
  2824. are eight cases when, without consulting
  2825. the oracles, he may be attacked.</p>
  2826.  
  2827. <p>&ldquo;First, an enemy who, in great wind and
  2828. cold, has risen early, started forth across ice
  2829. and rivers, and braved stress and hardships.</p>
  2830.  
  2831. <p>&ldquo;Second, an enemy who, in the height of
  2832. summer, and in great heat, has risen early, has
  2833. travelled incessantly, is hungry and without
  2834. water, and is striving to reach a distance.</p>
  2835.  
  2836. <p>&ldquo;Third, an enemy who has been encamped
  2837. long in one place, who is without
  2838. provisions, when the farmers are vexed
  2839. and indignant, who has suffered frequent
  2840. calamities, and whose officers are unable
  2841. to establish confidence.</p>
  2842.  
  2843. <p>&ldquo;Fourth, when the enemy&rsquo;s funds are
  2844. exhausted, fuel and fodder scarce; when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
  2845. the heavens have been overcast by long
  2846. continued rain; when there is the desire to
  2847. loot, but no place to loot withal.</p>
  2848.  
  2849. <p>&ldquo;Fifth, when their numbers are few;
  2850. when water is scarce; when men and horses
  2851. are scourged by pestilence, and from no
  2852. quarter is succour at hand.</p>
  2853.  
  2854. <p>&ldquo;Sixth, when night falls, and the way is
  2855. yet far; when officers and men are worn
  2856. out and fearful, weary and without food, and
  2857. have laid aside their armour and are resting.</p>
  2858.  
  2859. <p>&ldquo;Seventh, when the general&rsquo;s authority is
  2860. weak, the officials false, and the soldiers
  2861. unsettled; when their army has been
  2862. alarmed, and no help is forthcoming.</p>
  2863.  
  2864. <p>&ldquo;Eighth, when the battle formation is not
  2865. yet fixed, or camp pitched; when climbing
  2866. a hill, or passing through a difficult place;
  2867. when half is hidden and half exposed.</p>
  2868.  
  2869. <p>&ldquo;An enemy in these situations may be
  2870. smitten without hesitation.</p>
  2871.  
  2872. <p>&ldquo;There are six enemies, that, without
  2873. consulting oracles, should be avoided.</p>
  2874.  
  2875. <p>&ldquo;First, wide and vast territories, and a
  2876. large and rich population.</p>
  2877.  
  2878. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p>
  2879.  
  2880. <p>&ldquo;Second, where the officials care for the
  2881. people, and bestow bountiful favours and
  2882. rewards.</p>
  2883.  
  2884. <p>&ldquo;Third, where rewards are well deserved,
  2885. punishment accurately apportioned, and
  2886. operations undertaken only when the time
  2887. is fitting.</p>
  2888.  
  2889. <p>&ldquo;Fourth, where merit is recognised and
  2890. given rank, wise men appointed, and ability
  2891. employed.</p>
  2892.  
  2893. <p>&ldquo;Fifth, where the troops are many and
  2894. their weapons excellent.</p>
  2895.  
  2896. <p>&ldquo;Sixth, when help is at hand on every
  2897. side, or from a powerful ally.</p>
  2898.  
  2899. <p>&ldquo;For, if the enemy excel in the foregoing,
  2900. he must be avoided without hesitation. As
  2901. it is written, if it be judged good, advance;
  2902. if it be known to be difficult, retreat.&rdquo;</p>
  2903.  
  2904. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  2905.  
  2906. <p>&ldquo;I desire to know how the interior of
  2907. the enemy can be known from his outer
  2908. appearance; the form of his camp by
  2909. observing his advance, and how victory
  2910. may be determined?&rdquo;</p>
  2911.  
  2912. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  2913.  
  2914. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
  2915.  
  2916. <p>&ldquo;If the coming of the enemy be reckless
  2917. like roaring waters, his banners and pennons
  2918. disordered, and horses and men frequently
  2919. looking behind, then ten can be struck with
  2920. one. Panic will certainly seize them.</p>
  2921.  
  2922. <p>&ldquo;Before the various princes have
  2923. assembled, before harmony has been
  2924. established between lord and lieges, before
  2925. ditches have been dug, or regulations
  2926. established, and the army is alarmed;
  2927. wishing to advance, but unable; wishing
  2928. to retreat, but unable: then the force can
  2929. strike twice their numbers, and in a
  2930. hundred fights there is no fear of retreat.&rdquo;</p>
  2931.  
  2932. <p>Lord Wen asked:&mdash;</p>
  2933.  
  2934. <p>&ldquo;How can the enemy be certainly
  2935. defeated?&rdquo;</p>
  2936.  
  2937. <p>Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  2938.  
  2939. <p>&ldquo;Make certain of the enemy&rsquo;s real condition
  2940. and quickly strike his weak point;
  2941. strike an enemy who has just arrived from
  2942. afar, before his ranks are arranged; or one
  2943. who has eaten and has not completed his
  2944. dispositions; or an enemy who is hurrying
  2945. about, or is busily occupied; or has not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
  2946. made favourable use of the ground, or has
  2947. let pass the opportunity; or one who has
  2948. come a long distance, and those in rear are
  2949. late and have not rested.</p>
  2950.  
  2951. <p>&ldquo;Strike an enemy who is half across
  2952. waters; or who is on a difficult or narrow
  2953. road; or whose flags and banners are in
  2954. confusion; or who is frequently changing
  2955. position; or whose general is not in accord
  2956. with the soldiers; or who is fearful.</p>
  2957.  
  2958. <p>&ldquo;All such should be assaulted by the
  2959. picked men; and the remainder of the
  2960. army should be divided, and follow after
  2961. them. They may be attacked at once
  2962. without hesitation.&rdquo;</p>
  2963.  
  2964. <hr class="chap" />
  2965. <h2><a name="wutzu_III" id="wutzu_III">III</a><br />
  2966. CONTROL OF THE ARMY</h2>
  2967.  
  2968. <p>Lord Wen said:&mdash;</p>
  2969.  
  2970. <p>&ldquo;What is of first importance in operations
  2971. of war?&rdquo;</p>
  2972.  
  2973. <p>Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  2974.  
  2975. <p>&ldquo;Lightness, of which there are four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
  2976. natures, Weight, of which there are two
  2977. natures, and Confidence must be clearly
  2978. comprehended.&rdquo;</p>
  2979.  
  2980. <p>And Wen said:&mdash;</p>
  2981.  
  2982. <p>&ldquo;What are these?&rdquo;</p>
  2983.  
  2984. <p>And Wu answered:&mdash;</p>
  2985.  
  2986. <p>&ldquo;If the way be easy, the horses are light
  2987. of foot; if the horses be light of foot, the
  2988. chariots travel freely; if the chariots travel
  2989. easily, men can ride in them without
  2990. difficulty; if the men be free to move,
  2991. the fight prospers. If the difficult and easy
  2992. ways be known, the horses are lightened;
  2993. if the horses be fed at proper intervals, the
  2994. chariots are swift; if there be plenty of oil
  2995. on the axles of the chariots, the riders are
  2996. quickly conveyed; if the spears be sharp
  2997. and the armour strong, the men make the
  2998. fight easy.</p>
  2999.  
  3000. <p>&ldquo;Large rewards in advance, heavy
  3001. punishment in retreat, and impartiality
  3002. in their bestowal are required.</p>
  3003.  
  3004. <p>&ldquo;He who well understands these things
  3005. is the master of victory.&rdquo;</p>
  3006.  
  3007. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3008.  
  3009. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
  3010.  
  3011. <p>&ldquo;By what means can the army gain the
  3012. victory?&rdquo;</p>
  3013.  
  3014. <p>And Wu answered:&mdash;</p>
  3015.  
  3016. <p>&ldquo;The foundation of victory is good
  3017. government.&rdquo;</p>
  3018.  
  3019. <p>Again, Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3020.  
  3021. <p>&ldquo;Is it not determined by numbers?&rdquo;</p>
  3022.  
  3023. <p>And Wu replied:&mdash;</p>
  3024.  
  3025. <p>&ldquo;If laws and orders be not clear; if
  3026. rewards and punishments be not just; if
  3027. the bell be sounded and they halt not, or
  3028. drum be beaten and men do not advance;
  3029. even if there be a hundred thousand men
  3030. at arms, they are of no avail.</p>
  3031.  
  3032. <p>&ldquo;Where there is order, then there is
  3033. propriety at rest, and dignity in motion;
  3034. none can withstand the attack, and retreat
  3035. forbids pursuit; motion is regulated, and
  3036. movements to right and left are made in
  3037. answer to the signal; if the ranks be
  3038. cut asunder, formation is preserved; if
  3039. scattered, they are maintained; in fortune
  3040. or in danger, there is unity; if a number
  3041. be collected, they cannot be separated;
  3042. they may be used but not wearied; in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
  3043. whatever situation they are placed, nothing
  3044. under heaven can withstand them. The
  3045. army may be called a father and his
  3046. children.&rdquo;</p>
  3047.  
  3048. <p>And Wu said:&mdash;</p>
  3049.  
  3050. <p>&ldquo;In marching, movements and halts must
  3051. be properly adjusted, suitable occasions for
  3052. rationing not missed; the strength of men
  3053. and horses not exhausted. If these three
  3054. things be observed, the commands of the
  3055. superior can be carried out; if the commands
  3056. of the superior be carried out, order is maintained.
  3057. If advances and halts be without
  3058. method, victualling unsuitable, horses and
  3059. men tired and weary&mdash;neither unsaddled or
  3060. housed&mdash;it is because the orders cannot
  3061. be obeyed; if the orders be set aside,
  3062. there is disorder in the camp, and in
  3063. battle&mdash;defeat.&rdquo;</p>
  3064.  
  3065. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3066.  
  3067. <p>&ldquo;On that depository of corpses, the battlefield,
  3068. if there be certain expectation of
  3069. death, there is life; if there be happy
  3070. expectation of life, there is death. The
  3071. good general is like unto one sitting in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
  3072. a leaking ship, or lying under a burning
  3073. roof; the wisest man cannot contrive
  3074. against him; the strongest man cannot
  3075. destroy his composure; and the enemy&rsquo;s
  3076. onslaught can be withstood. For procrastination
  3077. is the greatest enemy of the
  3078. general; disasters to the army are born of
  3079. indecision.&rdquo;</p>
  3080.  
  3081. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3082.  
  3083. <p>&ldquo;Men meet their death from lack of
  3084. ability or unskilfulness. Wherefore training
  3085. is the first requirement of war. One man
  3086. with a knowledge of war can teach ten; ten
  3087. men skilled in war can teach one hundred;
  3088. one hundred can teach one thousand; one
  3089. thousand can teach ten thousand; and ten
  3090. thousand men can train an army.</p>
  3091.  
  3092. <p>&ldquo;An enemy from a distance should be
  3093. awaited, and struck at short range; an
  3094. enemy that is tired should be met in good
  3095. order; hunger should be opposed by full
  3096. bellies; the battle formation should be
  3097. round or square, the men should kneel or
  3098. stand; go or remain; move to the right
  3099. or left; advance or retire; concentrate or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
  3100. disperse; close or extend when the signal
  3101. is given.</p>
  3102.  
  3103. <p>&ldquo;All these changes must be learnt, and
  3104. the weapons distributed. This is the
  3105. business of the general.&rdquo;</p>
  3106.  
  3107. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3108.  
  3109. <p>&ldquo;In the teaching of war, spears are given
  3110. to the short; bows and catapults to the tall;
  3111. banners and standards to the strong; the
  3112. bell and drum to the bold; fodder and
  3113. provisions to the feeble; the arrangement
  3114. of the plan to the wise. Men of the same
  3115. district should be united; and groups and
  3116. squads should help each other. At one
  3117. beat of the drum the ranks are put in
  3118. order; at two beats of the drum, formation
  3119. will be made; at three beats of the drum,
  3120. food will be issued; at four beats of the
  3121. drum, the men will prepare to march; at
  3122. five beats of the drum, ranks will be formed;
  3123. when the drums beat together, then the
  3124. standards will be raised.&rdquo;</p>
  3125.  
  3126. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3127.  
  3128. <p>&ldquo;What is the way of marching and halting
  3129. an army?&rdquo;</p>
  3130.  
  3131. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p>
  3132.  
  3133. <p>And Wu answered:&mdash;</p>
  3134.  
  3135. <p>&ldquo;Natural ovens and dragons&rsquo; heads should
  3136. be avoided. Natural ovens are the mouths
  3137. of large valleys. Dragons&rsquo; heads are the
  3138. extremities of large mountains. The green
  3139. dragons (banners) should be placed on the
  3140. left, and the white tigers on the right; the
  3141. red sparrows in front; the snakes and
  3142. tortoises behind; the pole star (standard)
  3143. above; and the soldiers will look to the
  3144. standard.</p>
  3145.  
  3146. <p>&ldquo;When going forth to battle, the direction
  3147. of the wind must be studied; if blowing
  3148. in the direction of the enemy, the soldiers
  3149. will be assembled and follow the wind; if a
  3150. head wind, the position will be strengthened,
  3151. and a wait made for the wind to change.&rdquo;</p>
  3152.  
  3153. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3154.  
  3155. <p>&ldquo;In what way should horses be treated?&rdquo;</p>
  3156.  
  3157. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3158.  
  3159. <p>&ldquo;The places where they are kept should
  3160. be made comfortable; fodder should be
  3161. suitable and timely. In winter their stables
  3162. should be warmed, and in summer sheltered
  3163. from the heat; their coats clipped, their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
  3164. feet carefully pared, their attention directed
  3165. so that they be not alarmed, their paces
  3166. regulated, and their going and halting
  3167. trained; horses and men should be in accord,
  3168. and then the horses can be used. The
  3169. harness, the saddle, bit, bridle, and reins
  3170. must be strong; if the horse be without
  3171. vice at the beginning, he can be used to
  3172. the end; if the horse be hungry it is good;
  3173. if his belly be full, his value decreases; if
  3174. the sun be falling and the way still long,
  3175. dismount frequently. For it is proper that
  3176. the men be worked, but the horses must be
  3177. used with discretion, so that they may be
  3178. prepared should the enemy suddenly attack
  3179. us.</p>
  3180.  
  3181. <p>&ldquo;If these things be well known, then
  3182. there is free passage under heaven.&rdquo;</p>
  3183.  
  3184. <hr class="chap" />
  3185.  
  3186. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
  3187.  
  3188. <h2><a name="wutzu_IV" id="wutzu_IV">IV</a><br />
  3189. QUALITIES OF THE GENERAL</h2>
  3190.  
  3191. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3192.  
  3193. <p>&ldquo;The leader of the army is one who is
  3194. master of both arms and letters. He who
  3195. is both brave and tender can be entrusted
  3196. with troops.</p>
  3197.  
  3198. <p>&ldquo;In the popular estimation of generals,
  3199. courage alone is regarded; nevertheless,
  3200. courage is but one of the qualifications of
  3201. the leader. Courage is heedless in encounter;
  3202. and rash encounter, which is
  3203. ignorant of the consequences, cannot be
  3204. called good.</p>
  3205.  
  3206. <p>&ldquo;There are five matters which leaders
  3207. must carefully consider.</p>
  3208.  
  3209. <p>&ldquo;First, reason; second, preparation;
  3210. third, determination; fourth, vigilance;
  3211. fifth, simplicity.</p>
  3212.  
  3213. <p>&ldquo;With reason, a multitude can be controlled
  3214. like a small number.</p>
  3215.  
  3216. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p>
  3217.  
  3218. <p>&ldquo;Preparedness sees an enemy outside the
  3219. gate.</p>
  3220.  
  3221. <p>&ldquo;Determination before the enemy has no
  3222. thought of life.</p>
  3223.  
  3224. <p>&ldquo;Even after a victory, vigilance behaves
  3225. as before the first encounter.</p>
  3226.  
  3227. <p>&ldquo;Simplicity ensures few regulations, and
  3228. preserves order.</p>
  3229.  
  3230. <p>&ldquo;When the leader receives his orders, he
  3231. forthwith departs. Not until the enemy
  3232. has been vanquished does he speak of
  3233. return. This is the duty of the general.</p>
  3234.  
  3235. <p>&ldquo;Wherefore, from the day of departure
  3236. of the army, the general seeks glory in
  3237. death, and dreams not of return in dishonour.&rdquo;</p>
  3238.  
  3239. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3240.  
  3241. <p>&ldquo;In war there are four important influences.</p>
  3242.  
  3243. <p>&ldquo;First, spirit; second, ground; third,
  3244. opportunity; fourth, force.</p>
  3245.  
  3246. <p>&ldquo;The military value of the nation&rsquo;s forces&mdash;of
  3247. one hundred times ten thousand
  3248. fighting men&mdash;depends upon the personality
  3249. of one man alone; this is called the
  3250. influence of spirit.</p>
  3251.  
  3252. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
  3253.  
  3254. <p>&ldquo;When the road is steep and narrow, when
  3255. there are famous mountains and fastnesses
  3256. where ten men can defend and one thousand
  3257. cannot pass them by; such is the influence
  3258. of ground.</p>
  3259.  
  3260. <p>&ldquo;When spies have been skilfully sown, and
  3261. mounted men pass to and from the enemy&rsquo;s
  3262. camp, so that his masses are divided, his
  3263. sovereign and ministers vexed with each
  3264. other, and superiors and inferiors mutually
  3265. censorious; this is the moment of opportunity.</p>
  3266.  
  3267. <p>&ldquo;When the linch-pins are secure, the oars
  3268. and sweeps ready for use in the boats, the
  3269. armed men trained for war, and the horses
  3270. exercised, we have what is called the influence
  3271. of force.</p>
  3272.  
  3273. <p>&ldquo;He who understands these four matters
  3274. has the qualifications of a general. Furthermore,
  3275. dignity, virtue, benevolence, courage,
  3276. are needed to lead the troops, to calm
  3277. the multitude, to put fear in the enemy,
  3278. to remove doubts. When orders are
  3279. issued, the subordinates do not defy them.
  3280. Wheresoever the army is, that place the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
  3281. enemy avoids. If these four virtues be
  3282. present, the country is strong; if they be
  3283. not present, the country is overthrown.</p>
  3284.  
  3285. <p>&ldquo;Of such is the good general.&rdquo;</p>
  3286.  
  3287. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3288.  
  3289. <p>&ldquo;The use of drums and bells is to attract
  3290. the ear; of flags, standards, and banners to
  3291. strike the eye; of laws and penalties to
  3292. put fear in the heart.</p>
  3293.  
  3294. <p>&ldquo;To attract the ear the sound must be
  3295. clear; to strike the eye the colours must
  3296. be bright. The heart is awed by punishment,
  3297. therefore punishment must be strict.</p>
  3298.  
  3299. <p>&ldquo;If these three matters be not ordered,
  3300. the state may, peradventure, be preserved,
  3301. but defeat by the enemy is certain. Therefore,
  3302. as it has been said (if these three
  3303. things be present), there is no departing
  3304. from the commands of the general; when
  3305. he orders, there is no going back from
  3306. death.&rdquo;</p>
  3307.  
  3308. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3309.  
  3310. <p>&ldquo;The secret of war is, first, to know who
  3311. is the enemy&rsquo;s general, and to judge his
  3312. ability. If our plans depend on his dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>positions,
  3313. then success will be achieved
  3314. without toil.</p>
  3315.  
  3316. <p>&ldquo;If their general be stupid, and heedlessly
  3317. trustful, he may be enticed by fraud; if
  3318. he be avaricious and careless of his fame,
  3319. he may be bribed with gifts. If he make
  3320. unconsidered movements without plan, he
  3321. should be tired out and placed in difficulties.
  3322. If the superiors be wealthy and proud,
  3323. and the inferiors avaricious and resentful,
  3324. they should be set against each other. An
  3325. enemy that is undetermined, now advancing
  3326. and then retreating, whose soldiers have
  3327. nought wherein to put their trust, should
  3328. be alarmed, and put to flight.</p>
  3329.  
  3330. <p>&ldquo;When an enemy thinks lightly of the
  3331. general, and desires to return home, the
  3332. easy roads should be blocked, and the
  3333. difficult and narrow roads opened; await
  3334. their coming and capture them.</p>
  3335.  
  3336. <p>&ldquo;If their advance be easy and retreat difficult,
  3337. await their coming and then advance
  3338. against them.</p>
  3339.  
  3340. <p>&ldquo;If their advance be difficult and retreat
  3341. easy, then press and strike them.</p>
  3342.  
  3343. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
  3344.  
  3345. <p>&ldquo;An army that is camped in marshy
  3346. ground, where there are no water-courses,
  3347. and long and frequent rains, should be
  3348. inundated.</p>
  3349.  
  3350. <p>&ldquo;An army that is camped in wild
  3351. marshes, covered with dark and overhanging
  3352. grass and brambles, and swept by
  3353. frequent high winds, should be overthrown
  3354. by fire.</p>
  3355.  
  3356. <p>&ldquo;An army that has halted long without
  3357. moving; whose general and soldiers have
  3358. grown careless, and neglect precautions,
  3359. should be approached by stealth, and taken
  3360. by surprise.&rdquo;</p>
  3361.  
  3362. <p>Lord Wen asked, saying:&mdash;</p>
  3363.  
  3364. <p>&ldquo;If the two armies be facing each other,
  3365. and the name of the enemy&rsquo;s general unknown,
  3366. in what manner can we discover
  3367. it?&rdquo;</p>
  3368.  
  3369. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3370.  
  3371. <p>&ldquo;A brave man of low degree, lightly
  3372. but well equipped, should be employed.
  3373. He should think only of flight and naught
  3374. of advantage. Then, if he observe the
  3375. enemy&rsquo;s pursuit, if there be first a halt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
  3376. and then an advance, order is established.
  3377. If we retreat and the enemy pursue, but
  3378. pretend not to be able to overtake us,
  3379. see an advantage but pretend not to be
  3380. aware of it, then their general may be
  3381. called a wise general, and conflict with
  3382. him must be avoided. If their army be
  3383. full of uproar; their banners and standards
  3384. disordered, their soldiers going about or
  3385. remaining of their own accord, some in
  3386. line, others in column; if such an enemy
  3387. be eager to pursue, and see an advantage
  3388. which they are desperate to seize, then
  3389. their general is a fool: even if there be
  3390. a host, they may be taken.&rdquo;</p>
  3391.  
  3392. <hr class="chap" />
  3393.  
  3394. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
  3395.  
  3396. <h2><a name="wutzu_V" id="wutzu_V">V</a><br />
  3397. SUITING THE OCCASION</h2>
  3398.  
  3399. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3400.  
  3401. <p>&ldquo;If strong chariots, good horses, strong
  3402. and valiant soldiers suddenly meet the
  3403. enemy, and are thrown into confusion, and
  3404. ranks broken, what should be done?&rdquo;</p>
  3405.  
  3406. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3407.  
  3408. <p>&ldquo;In general, the method of fighting is
  3409. to effect order in daylight by means of
  3410. flags and banners, pennons and batons;
  3411. at night by gongs and drums, whistles
  3412. and flutes. If a signal be made to the
  3413. left, the troops move to the left; if to the
  3414. right, they move to the right. Advance
  3415. is made at the sound of the drum; halt
  3416. at the sound of the gong; one blast of
  3417. the whistle is for advance, two for the
  3418. rally. If those who disobey be cut down,
  3419. the forces are subject to authority. If
  3420. officers and soldiers carry out orders, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
  3421. superior enemy cannot exist; no position
  3422. is impregnable in the attack.&rdquo;</p>
  3423.  
  3424. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3425.  
  3426. <p>&ldquo;What is to be done if the enemy be
  3427. many and we be few?&rdquo;</p>
  3428.  
  3429. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3430.  
  3431. <p>&ldquo;Avoid such an enemy on open ground,
  3432. and meet him in the narrow way; for,
  3433. as it is written, if 1 is to stand against
  3434. 1,000, there is naught better than a pass;
  3435. if 10 are to hold against 100, there is
  3436. nothing better than a steep place; if
  3437. 1,000 are to strike 10,000, there is nothing
  3438. better than a difficult place. If a small
  3439. force, with beat of gong and drum, suddenly
  3440. arise in a narrow way, even a host will
  3441. be upset. Wherefore it is written: &lsquo;He
  3442. who has a multitude seeks the plain, and
  3443. he who has few seeks the narrow way.&rsquo;&rdquo;</p>
  3444.  
  3445. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3446.  
  3447. <p>&ldquo;A mighty host, strong and courageous,
  3448. which is on the defence with a mountain
  3449. behind, a precipice between, high ground
  3450. on the right, and a river on the left, with
  3451. deep moats, and high walls, and which has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
  3452. artillery; whose retreat is like the removal
  3453. of a mountain, advance like the hurricane,
  3454. and whose supplies are in abundance, is
  3455. an enemy against whom long defence is
  3456. difficult. In effect, what should be done
  3457. in such a case?&rdquo;</p>
  3458.  
  3459. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3460.  
  3461. <p>&ldquo;This indeed is a great question, whose
  3462. issue depends, not upon the might of
  3463. chariot and horse, but upon the schemes
  3464. of a wise man.</p>
  3465.  
  3466. <p>&ldquo;Let 1,000 chariots and 10,000 horse, well
  3467. equipped and with foot-men added to them,
  3468. be divided into five armies, and a road
  3469. allotted to each army.</p>
  3470.  
  3471. <p>&ldquo;Then if there be five armies, and each
  3472. army take a different road, the enemy will
  3473. be puzzled, and know not in what quarter
  3474. to be prepared. If the enemy&rsquo;s defence be
  3475. strong and united, send envoys quickly to
  3476. him to discover his intention. If he listen
  3477. to our advices, he will strike camp and
  3478. withdraw. But, if he listen not to our
  3479. advice, but strikes down the messenger, and
  3480. burns his papers, then divide and attack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
  3481. from five quarters. If victorious, do not
  3482. pursue; if defeated, flee to a distance. If
  3483. feigning retreat, proceed slowly, and, if the
  3484. enemy approach, strike swiftly.</p>
  3485.  
  3486. <p>&ldquo;One army will hold the enemy in front,
  3487. with another cut his rear, two more with
  3488. gags in their mouths<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> will attack his weak
  3489. point, whether on the right or on the
  3490. left. If five armies thus make alternate
  3491. onslaughts, success is certain.</p>
  3492.  
  3493. <p>&ldquo;This is the way to strike strength.&rdquo;</p>
  3494.  
  3495. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3496.  
  3497. <p>&ldquo;If the enemy draw near and encompass
  3498. us, and we would retreat, but there is no
  3499. way, and in our multitude there is fear,
  3500. what should be done?&rdquo;</p>
  3501.  
  3502. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3503.  
  3504. <p>&ldquo;In such a case, if we be many and they
  3505. be few, divide and fall upon them; if the
  3506. enemy be many and we be few, use
  3507. stratagem and act according to opportunity;
  3508. and if opportunities be untiringly seized,
  3509. even if the enemy be many, he will be
  3510. reduced to subjection.&rdquo;</p>
  3511.  
  3512. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p>
  3513.  
  3514. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3515.  
  3516. <p>&ldquo;If, in a narrow valley with steep places on
  3517. either side, the enemy be met, and they are
  3518. many and we are few, what should be done?&rdquo;</p>
  3519.  
  3520. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3521.  
  3522. <p>&ldquo;If they be met among hills, woods, in
  3523. deep mountains, or wide fens, advance
  3524. quickly, retire swiftly, and hesitate not. If
  3525. the enemy be suddenly met among high
  3526. mountains or deep valleys, be the first to
  3527. strike the drum and fall upon them. Let
  3528. bow and cross bow advance; shoot and
  3529. capture; observe the state of their ranks;
  3530. and, if there be confusion, do not hesitate
  3531. to strike.&rdquo;</p>
  3532.  
  3533. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3534.  
  3535. <p>&ldquo;If the enemy be suddenly met in a
  3536. narrow place with high mountains on either
  3537. side, and advance and retreat are alike
  3538. impossible, what should be done in such a
  3539. case?&rdquo;</p>
  3540.  
  3541. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3542.  
  3543. <p>&ldquo;This is called War in valleys where
  3544. numbers are of no avail. The ablest officers
  3545. should be collected, and set against the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
  3546. enemy. Men light of foot and well armed
  3547. should be placed in front; the chariots
  3548. divided; the horsemen drawn up, and placed
  3549. in ambush on four sides, with many leagues
  3550. between, and without showing their weapons.
  3551. Then, the enemy will certainly make his
  3552. defence firm, and neither advance or retreat.
  3553. Whereupon, the standards will be raised,
  3554. and the ranks of banners shown, the
  3555. mountains left, and camp pitched in the
  3556. plain.</p>
  3557.  
  3558. <p>&ldquo;The enemy will then be fearful, and
  3559. should be challenged by chariot and horse,
  3560. and allowed no rest.</p>
  3561.  
  3562. <p>&ldquo;This is the method of fighting in valleys.&rdquo;</p>
  3563.  
  3564. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3565.  
  3566. <p>&ldquo;If the enemy be met in a marsh where
  3567. the water is out, so that the wheels of the
  3568. chariots sink in, and the shafts be covered,
  3569. and the chariots and horsemen overcome by
  3570. the waters, when there are no boats or oars,
  3571. and it is impossible either to advance or
  3572. retreat, what should be done in such a
  3573. case?&rdquo;</p>
  3574.  
  3575. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3576.  
  3577. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p>
  3578.  
  3579. <p>&ldquo;This is called water fighting. Chariots
  3580. and horsemen cannot be used, and they
  3581. must be put for a time on one side. Go up
  3582. to the top of a high place, and look out to
  3583. the four quarters. Then the state of the
  3584. waters will certainly be seen; their extent,
  3585. and the deep places and shallows fully
  3586. ascertained. Then, by stratagem, the enemy
  3587. may be defeated.</p>
  3588.  
  3589. <p>&ldquo;If the enemy should cross the waters he
  3590. should be engaged when half over.&rdquo;</p>
  3591.  
  3592. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3593.  
  3594. <p>&ldquo;If there has been long continued rain
  3595. so that the horses sink, and the chariots
  3596. cannot move; if the enemy appear from
  3597. four quarters, and the forces are frightened,
  3598. what is the course in such a case?&rdquo;</p>
  3599.  
  3600. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3601.  
  3602. <p>&ldquo;When wet and overcast, the chariots
  3603. should halt; when fine and dry, they should
  3604. arise. Seek height, and avoid low places;
  3605. drive the strong chariots, and choose well
  3606. the road on which to advance or halt. If
  3607. the enemy suddenly arise, immediately
  3608. pursue them.&rdquo;</p>
  3609.  
  3610. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p>
  3611.  
  3612. <p>Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3613.  
  3614. <p>&ldquo;If our fields and pastures be suddenly
  3615. pillaged, and our oxen and sheep taken,
  3616. what should be done?&rdquo;</p>
  3617.  
  3618. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3619.  
  3620. <p>&ldquo;Lawless enemies that arise are to be
  3621. feared; defend well and do not reply.
  3622. When, at sunset, they seek to withdraw,
  3623. they will certainly be overladen and fearful.
  3624. Striving to return quickly to their homes,
  3625. connection will be lost. Then if they be pursued
  3626. and attacked, they can be overthrown.&rdquo;</p>
  3627.  
  3628. <p>Wu the Master said:&mdash;</p>
  3629.  
  3630. <p>&ldquo;The way of attacking the enemy and
  3631. investing his castle is as follows:&mdash;</p>
  3632.  
  3633. <p>&ldquo;When the outlying buildings have been
  3634. taken, and the assaulting parties enter the
  3635. innermost sanctuary, make use of the
  3636. enemy&rsquo;s officials, and take charge of their
  3637. weapons. Let the army on no account fell
  3638. trees or enter dwellings, cut the crops, slay
  3639. the six domestic animals, or burn the barns;
  3640. and show the people that there is no cruel
  3641. desire. Those who wish to surrender, should
  3642. be received and freed from anxiety.&rdquo;</p>
  3643.  
  3644. <hr class="chap" />
  3645.  
  3646. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p>
  3647.  
  3648. <h2><a name="wutzu_VI" id="wutzu_VI">VI</a><br />
  3649. ENCOURAGEMENT OF THE TROOPS</h2>
  3650.  
  3651. <p>And Lord Wen asked and said:&mdash;</p>
  3652.  
  3653. <p>&ldquo;If punishment be just and reward impartial,
  3654. is victory thereby gained?&rdquo;</p>
  3655.  
  3656. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3657.  
  3658. <p>&ldquo;I cannot speak of all the things that
  3659. concern justice and impartiality, but on
  3660. these alone dependence cannot be placed.</p>
  3661.  
  3662. <p>&ldquo;If the people hear the word of command,
  3663. or listen to the order with rejoicing; if,
  3664. when the army be raised, and a multitude
  3665. assembled, they go forth gladly to the fight;
  3666. if, in the tumult of the fight, when blade
  3667. crosses blade, the soldiers gladly die; upon
  3668. these three things can the lord of the people
  3669. place his trust.&rdquo;</p>
  3670.  
  3671. <p>And Lord Wen said:&mdash;</p>
  3672.  
  3673. <p>&ldquo;How can this be brought about?&rdquo;</p>
  3674.  
  3675. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3676.  
  3677. <p>&ldquo;Seek out merit, advance and reward it,
  3678. and encourage those without fame.&rdquo;</p>
  3679.  
  3680. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
  3681.  
  3682. <p>Accordingly Lord Wen set seats in the
  3683. garden of the palace in three rows, and
  3684. made a feast unto his chief retainers. In
  3685. the first row were set those of chief
  3686. merit, and on the table were placed the
  3687. best meats and precious utensils. Those
  3688. of medium merit were set in the middle
  3689. row, and the utensils on the table were
  3690. fewer in number. Those without merit
  3691. were set in the last row, and utensils of
  3692. no value were put before them. And
  3693. when the feast was over, and they had all
  3694. departed, the parents, wives, and children
  3695. of those with merit were given presents
  3696. outside the gates of the palace according
  3697. to their degree.</p>
  3698.  
  3699. <p>Further, messengers were sent yearly
  3700. with gifts to condole with the parents of
  3701. those who had lost a son in the service of
  3702. the state, and to show that they were had
  3703. in remembrance.</p>
  3704.  
  3705. <p>And after this was carried out for three
  3706. years, the people of Chin gathered an army,
  3707. and came as far as the Western River.
  3708. And when the soldiers of Wei heard this,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
  3709. without waiting for orders, they armed
  3710. themselves and fell upon them; and they
  3711. that went forth were 10,000 in number.</p>
  3712.  
  3713. <p>And Lord Wen called Wu and said:&mdash;</p>
  3714.  
  3715. <p>&ldquo;The words that you spoke unto me,
  3716. have they not indeed been carried out?&rdquo;</p>
  3717.  
  3718. <p>And Wu answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  3719.  
  3720. <p>&ldquo;I have heard that there are men, great
  3721. and small; souls, grand and feeble.</p>
  3722.  
  3723. <p>&ldquo;As a trial, let 50,000 men, without merit,
  3724. be collected, and placed under my command
  3725. against the country of Chin. If we fail, the
  3726. state will be the laughing-stock among the
  3727. princes, and its power under heaven will be
  3728. lost. If a desperate robber be hidden in
  3729. a wide plain, and 1,000 men be pursuing
  3730. him, their glances will be furtive like the
  3731. owl, looking backward like the wolf, for
  3732. they are in fear of harm from a sudden
  3733. onslaught.</p>
  3734.  
  3735. <p>&ldquo;One desperate man can put fear in the
  3736. hearts of a thousand. Now, if this host
  3737. of 50,000 men become as a desperate thief,
  3738. and are led against Chin, there is nought
  3739. to fear.&rdquo;</p>
  3740.  
  3741. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
  3742.  
  3743. <p>On hearing these words Lord Wen agreed,
  3744. and adding further 500 chariots and 3,000
  3745. horse, the hosts of Chin were overthrown,
  3746. all being due to the encouragement of the
  3747. troops.</p>
  3748.  
  3749. <p>On the day before the battle Wu gave
  3750. orders to the forces, saying:&mdash;</p>
  3751.  
  3752. <p>&ldquo;The army will attack the enemy&rsquo;s
  3753. chariots, horse and foot, in accordance
  3754. with our commands. If the chariots do
  3755. not capture the enemy&rsquo;s chariots, or the
  3756. horse those of the enemy&rsquo;s, or the foot the
  3757. enemy&rsquo;s footmen, even if their army be
  3758. overthrown, no merit will be gained.&rdquo;</p>
  3759.  
  3760. <p>Therefore on the day of the battle, the
  3761. orders were simple, and fear of Wei shook
  3762. the heavens.</p>
  3763.  
  3764. <hr class="chap" />
  3765.  
  3766. <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a><br /><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
  3767.  
  3768. <h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX">INDEX</a></h2>
  3769.  
  3770. <ul class="index"><li class="ifrst"><h3>A</h3></li>
  3771.  
  3772. <li class="indx">Abnormal man&oelig;uvres, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
  3773.  
  3774. <li class="indx">Advance, followed by retirement, a lure, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  3775.  
  3776. <li class="indx">Advantages, the five, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
  3777.  
  3778. <li class="indx">Ally, war to be avoided, if enemy has powerful, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
  3779.  
  3780. <li class="indx">Altar, Wu made general before, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
  3781. <li class="isub1">difficult matters to be laid before, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
  3782.  
  3783. <li class="indx">Ambition, one of five causes of war, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
  3784.  
  3785. <li class="indx">Ambush, likely places for enemy to be in, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
  3786.  
  3787. <li class="indx">Ammunition, lack of, may cause disaster, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
  3788.  
  3789. <li class="indx">Anger of officers, cause of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  3790. <li class="isub1">not a fit reason for battle, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
  3791.  
  3792. <li class="indx">Animals, the six domestic, to be preserved by besiegers, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
  3793.  
  3794. <li class="indx">Apologies, what implied, by general who offers, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  3795.  
  3796. <li class="indx">Archers, employment of, in sieges, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  3797.  
  3798. <li class="indx">Armies, five, alternate onslaughts by, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
  3799.  
  3800. <li class="indx">Armistice, what betokened by sudden desire for, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  3801.  
  3802. <li class="indx">Armour, cost of upkeep of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
  3803. <li class="isub1">and of renewing, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
  3804. <li class="isub1">condition of, an influence in battle, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
  3805.  
  3806. <li class="indx">Arms, profession of, not highly regarded in China, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
  3807. <li class="isub1">the five, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  3808.  
  3809. <li class="indx">Army, control of the, <a href="#Page_93">93-100</a>;</li>
  3810. <li class="isub1">orderly, likened to father and children, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
  3811.  
  3812. <li class="indx">Articles of Suntzu, <a href="#Page_17">17-74</a></li>
  3813.  
  3814. <li class="indx">Assault, by stratagem, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
  3815.  
  3816. <li class="indx">Attack, proportionate number required for, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
  3817. <li class="isub1">on undefended positions, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li>
  3818. <li class="isub1">place of, to be kept secret, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
  3819. <li class="isub1">five ways of, by fire, <a href="#Page_67">67-68</a>;</li>
  3820. <li class="isub1">eight cases of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
  3821. <li class="isub1">reckless, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
  3822.  
  3823. <li class="ifrst"><h3>B</h3></li>
  3824.  
  3825. <li class="indx">Banners, use of, to inspirit troops, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
  3826. <li class="isub1">used, in day fighting, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
  3827. <li class="isub1">enemy&rsquo;s lines not to be attacked where waving, <a href="#Page_43">43-44</a>;</li>
  3828. <li class="isub1">changing of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  3829. <li class="isub1">to be entrusted to strong men, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
  3830. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on attraction of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, 108<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></li>
  3831.  
  3832. <li class="indx">Barrack burning, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
  3833.  
  3834. <li class="indx">Batons, in day fighting, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  3835.  
  3836. <li class="indx">Battle, the Order of, <a href="#Page_28">28-30</a></li>
  3837.  
  3838. <li class="indx">Beacons, in night fighting, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
  3839.  
  3840. <li class="indx">Beasts, startled, indicate stealthy approach, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
  3841.  
  3842. <li class="indx">Bell, use of, in war, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
  3843. <li class="isub1">a signal to halt, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>note</i>;</li>
  3844. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li>
  3845. <li class="isub1">to be entrusted to the bold, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
  3846. <li class="isub1">use of, attracts ear, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  3847.  
  3848. <li class="indx">Benevolence, quality needed by general, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  3849.  
  3850. <li class="indx">Birds, rising of, indicates ambush, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
  3851. <li class="isub1">clustering of, round position, shows it unoccupied, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  3852.  
  3853. <li class="indx">Bluster in General, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  3854.  
  3855. <li class="indx">Bogs, movement of troops regarding, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
  3856.  
  3857. <li class="indx">Booty, exhaustion betrayed by disregard of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  3858.  
  3859. <li class="indx">Bows, weapons for tall men, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
  3860.  
  3861. <li class="indx">Broken ground, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
  3862.  
  3863. <li class="indx">Burning barrack, commissariat, equipment, store, and company, <a href="#Page_67">67-68</a></li>
  3864.  
  3865. <li class="ifrst"><h3>C</h3></li>
  3866.  
  3867. <li class="indx">Calamities, six, among troops, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
  3868.  
  3869. <li class="indx">Camp, safe position for, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
  3870. <li class="isub1">skilful changes of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
  3871.  
  3872. <li class="indx">Castle, Wutzu&rsquo;s counsel for investing, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
  3873.  
  3874. <li class="indx">Catapults, weapons for tall men, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
  3875.  
  3876. <li class="indx">Causes of war, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
  3877.  
  3878. <li class="indx">Cautiousness-over, one of five dangerous faults for general, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
  3879.  
  3880. <li class="indx">Chang Mt., illustration of snakes of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
  3881.  
  3882. <li class="indx">Changes, the Nine, <a href="#Page_44">44-46</a></li>
  3883.  
  3884. <li class="indx">Chariots, number of, required, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</li>
  3885. <li class="isub1">cost of renewing, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
  3886. <li class="isub1">rewards for taking from enemy, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
  3887. <li class="isub1">advance of light, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
  3888. <li class="isub1">great size of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li>
  3889. <li class="isub1">axles of, to be well oiled, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
  3890.  
  3891. <li class="indx">Cheng, Lord Tang, of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
  3892.  
  3893. <li class="indx">Chengsang, Prince, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
  3894.  
  3895. <li class="indx">Chi, estimation of forces of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li>
  3896. <li class="isub1">nature of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
  3897.  
  3898. <li class="indx">Chieh, Lord, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
  3899.  
  3900. <li class="indx">Chin, nature of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
  3901. <li class="isub1">unsuccessfully opposes Wei, <a href="#Page_117">117-118</a></li>
  3902.  
  3903. <li class="indx">Chins, the three, <a href="#Page_87">87-88</a></li>
  3904.  
  3905. <li class="indx">China, profession of arms not highly regarded in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
  3906. <li class="isub1">large rivers of, affect military operations, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
  3907.  
  3908. <li class="indx">Chinese, greatly affected by climate, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
  3909.  
  3910. <li class="indx">Chinese literature, place of Suntzu and Wutzu in, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
  3911.  
  3912. <li class="indx">Chinese wars, patriotism not a factor in, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
  3913.  
  3914. <li class="indx">Chou, Wu, of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
  3915.  
  3916. <li class="indx">Chu, courage of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
  3917. <li class="isub1">foundation of state of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
  3918. <li class="isub1">want of endurance of army of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li>
  3919.  
  3920. <li class="indx">Chuang, of Chu, holds consultation, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
  3921.  
  3922. <li class="indx">Chuyin, use of, in sieges, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, and <i>note</i></li>
  3923.  
  3924. <li class="indx">Circumspection, circumstances requiring, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  3925.  
  3926. <li class="indx">Cohesion of troops, in interior of hostile country, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  3927.  
  3928. <li class="indx">Colours must be bright, in war, 104<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></li>
  3929.  
  3930. <li class="indx">Commander, professional, in China, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
  3931.  
  3932. <li class="indx">Commissariat burning, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
  3933.  
  3934. <li class="indx">Confidence, importance of, in operations, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
  3935.  
  3936. <li class="indx">Contention, ground of, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
  3937.  
  3938. <li class="indx">Continuity of military principles illustrated, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
  3939.  
  3940. <li class="indx">Control of army, <a href="#Page_93">93-100</a></li>
  3941.  
  3942. <li class="indx">Converted spies, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
  3943.  
  3944. <li class="indx">Cooking pots may betray end of resources, <a href="#Page_51">51-52</a></li>
  3945.  
  3946. <li class="indx">Cost of war, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
  3947. <li class="isub1">of supplying army at distance, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li>
  3948.  
  3949. <li class="indx">Courage, universal, dependent on good management, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
  3950. <li class="isub1">not the only attribute necessary to general, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li>
  3951. <li class="isub1">but nevertheless essential, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  3952.  
  3953. <li class="indx">Cowardly, place of the, in action, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
  3954.  
  3955. <li class="ifrst"><h3>D</h3></li>
  3956.  
  3957. <li class="indx">Daylight fighting, use of flags, banners, pennons, and batons in, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  3958.  
  3959. <li class="indx">Death, when only alternative, ensures exertion, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
  3960.  
  3961. <li class="indx">Death ground, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
  3962. <li class="isub1">fighting on, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
  3963. <li class="isub1">soldiers must recognise conditions of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  3964.  
  3965. <li class="indx">Death spies, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
  3966.  
  3967. <li class="indx">Declaration of war, action following, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
  3968.  
  3969. <li class="indx">Decoration for skill in five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
  3970.  
  3971. <li class="indx">Defeat, internal causes of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
  3972. <li class="isub1">skilful soldiers make impossible, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
  3973. <li class="isub1">army destined to, trusts in chance, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
  3974. <li class="isub1">causes of, <a href="#Page_55">55-56</a></li>
  3975.  
  3976. <li class="indx">Defence, long, difficulties in, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
  3977.  
  3978. <li class="indx">Defensive warfare, when victory unattainable, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
  3979. <li class="isub1">skill in, <a href="#Page_28">28-29</a></li>
  3980.  
  3981. <li class="indx">Deficiency, defence compelled by, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
  3982.  
  3983. <li class="indx">Despair, energy born of, wins victory, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
  3984.  
  3985. <li class="indx">Desperate enemy not to be pressed, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
  3986.  
  3987. <li class="indx">Determination, one of five important matters for general, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
  3988.  
  3989. <li class="indx">Dignity, essential for general, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  3990.  
  3991. <li class="indx">Discipline, one of seven important matters in war, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  3992. <li class="isub1">perfection of, leads to simulation, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
  3993.  
  3994. <li class="indx">Discussion of omens, forbidden, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
  3995.  
  3996. <li class="indx">Disorder, a cause of defeat, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
  3997.  
  3998. <li class="indx">Disputed ground, action regarding, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  3999.  
  4000. <li class="indx">Distracting ground, action regarding, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  4001.  
  4002. <li class="indx">Disturbing ground, action regarding, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  4003.  
  4004. <li class="indx">Dragons, green (banners), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4005.  
  4006. <li class="indx">Dragons&rsquo; heads (mountain extremities), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4007.  
  4008. <li class="indx">Drum, use of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
  4009. <li class="isub1">in night fighting, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
  4010. <li class="isub1">sounds for advance, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li>
  4011. <li class="isub1">meaning of different beats of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
  4012. <li class="isub1">to be entrusted to the bold, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
  4013. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on the, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  4014.  
  4015. <li class="indx">Dust, spurts, masses, columns and clouds of, meaning of, 50<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></li>
  4016.  
  4017. <li class="ifrst"><h3>E</h3></li>
  4018.  
  4019. <li class="indx">Ear, to be attracted in war, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  4020.  
  4021. <li class="indx">Earth, one of five indispensable matters in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4022. <li class="isub1">the ninth, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, and <i>note</i></li>
  4023.  
  4024. <li class="indx">Elements, five, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, and <i>note</i></li>
  4025.  
  4026. <li class="indx">Emptiness and strength, <a href="#Page_34">34-39</a></li>
  4027.  
  4028. <li class="indx">Enclosed ground, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
  4029. <li class="isub1">stratagem to be used on, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
  4030. <li class="isub1">action regarding, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  4031.  
  4032. <li class="indx">Enemies, six to be avoided, <a href="#Page_90">90-91</a></li>
  4033.  
  4034. <li class="indx">Equipment, umbrella part of Chinese soldier&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
  4035.  
  4036. <li class="indx">Estimation of enemy, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
  4037. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_85">85-93</a></li>
  4038.  
  4039. <li class="indx">Exhaustion, result of lateness in field, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
  4040. <li class="isub1">avoided by good tactics, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li>
  4041. <li class="isub1">shown by disregard of booty, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  4042.  
  4043. <li class="indx">Expectation of life or death, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
  4044.  
  4045. <li class="indx">Eye, to be struck in war, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  4046.  
  4047. <li class="ifrst"><h3>F</h3></li>
  4048.  
  4049. <li class="indx">Famine, a cause of war, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
  4050.  
  4051. <li class="indx">Faults, five, dangerous for generals, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
  4052.  
  4053. <li class="indx">Feast, given by Wen to guests with high, medium, and deficient merit, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
  4054.  
  4055. <li class="indx">Feints, use of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
  4056.  
  4057. <li class="indx">Fens, advance in wide, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
  4058.  
  4059. <li class="indx">Fighting races, consequences of victories by, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
  4060.  
  4061. <li class="indx">Fire, five modes of assault by, <a href="#Page_67">67-68</a>;</li>
  4062. <li class="isub1">attack on enemy in overgrown marsh land by, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
  4063.  
  4064. <li class="indx">Flag, use of, in war, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
  4065. <li class="isub1">in day fighting, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
  4066. <li class="isub1">change of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  4067. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on use of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  4068.  
  4069. <li class="indx">Flanking (or reserve) force, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
  4070.  
  4071. <li class="indx">Flat country, disposal of troops in, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
  4072.  
  4073. <li class="indx">Flutes, Wutzu on use of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  4074.  
  4075. <li class="indx">Fodder, charge of, given to the feeble, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
  4076.  
  4077. <li class="indx">Food, taken from enemy, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
  4078. <li class="isub1">obtained by skilful general, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
  4079. <li class="isub1">killing of horses for, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  4080. <li class="isub1">attack on enemy without, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li>
  4081. <li class="isub1">charge of, given to the feeble, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
  4082.  
  4083. <li class="indx">Force, one of four important influences in war, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  4084.  
  4085. <li class="indx">Foreign lands, war in, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
  4086.  
  4087. <li class="indx">Formation-battle, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
  4088.  
  4089. <li class="indx">Frontal attack, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li>
  4090.  
  4091. <li class="ifrst"><h3>G</h3></li>
  4092.  
  4093. <li class="indx"><a name="General" id="General"></a>General, interference with, ill-advised, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
  4094. <li class="isub1">ability of, one of seven important matters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4095. <li class="isub1">skilful, is steadfast in &ldquo;Way&rdquo; and &ldquo;Law,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
  4096. <li class="isub1">as &ldquo;God of War&rdquo; changes tactics, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
  4097. <li class="isub1">must know the Nine Changes, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
  4098. <li class="isub1">five faults dangerous for, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
  4099. <li class="isub1">what implied by exceeding graciousness of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4100. <li class="isub1">blustering and obsequious, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4101. <li class="isub1">strange to troops, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4102. <li class="isub1">weak and amiable, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
  4103. <li class="isub1">calamities due to defects in, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li>
  4104. <li class="isub1">unable to estimate enemy, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
  4105. <li class="isub1">anxious for people&rsquo;s wel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>fare, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
  4106. <li class="isub1">must be calm, inscrutable, just, and prudent, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
  4107. <li class="isub1">conceals plans, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
  4108. <li class="isub1">must have topographical knowledge and use guides, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li>
  4109. <li class="isub1">bestows rewards discreetly, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
  4110. <li class="isub1">is not actuated by anger, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
  4111. <li class="isub1">should be in accord with soldiers, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li>
  4112. <li class="isub1">must not procrastinate, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li>
  4113. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on qualities of, <a href="#Page_101">101-107</a>;</li>
  4114. <li class="isub1">five matters important for, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li>
  4115. <li class="isub1">of the enemy to be appraised, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
  4116. <li class="isub1">action in accordance with judgment of enemy&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li>
  4117. <li class="isub1">how to judge enemy&rsquo;s, <a href="#Page_106">106-107</a></li>
  4118.  
  4119. <li class="indx">Gongs, use of, in war, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  4120.  
  4121. <li class="indx">Government of a country, <a href="#Page_77">77-84</a>;</li>
  4122. <li class="isub1">object of, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
  4123. <li class="isub1">good, foundation of victory, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
  4124.  
  4125. <li class="indx">Ground, influence of, in war, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li>
  4126. <li class="isub1">marshy, to be avoided for camp, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
  4127. <li class="isub1">action in mountainous and wooded, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
  4128. <li class="isub1">disposal of troops on high, marshy, flat, sunny, steep, boggy, and tangled, <a href="#Page_47">47-49</a>;</li>
  4129. <li class="isub1">object of enemy encamped on open, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
  4130. <li class="isub1">Suntzu on, <a href="#Page_53">53-67</a>;</li>
  4131. <li class="isub1">open, <a href="#Page_53">53-54</a>;</li>
  4132. <li class="isub1">broken, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
  4133. <li class="isub1">suspended, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
  4134. <li class="isub1">defiles in, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
  4135. <li class="isub1">precipitous, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li>
  4136. <li class="isub1">the handmaid of victory, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
  4137. <li class="isub1">results from good use of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
  4138. <li class="isub1">one of four important influences in war, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li>
  4139. <li class="isub1">inundation of enemy on marshy, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
  4140.  
  4141. <li class="indx">Grounds, the Nine, <a href="#Page_58">58-67</a>;</li>
  4142. <li class="isub1">action with regard to, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li>
  4143. <li class="isub1">knowledge of, necessary to general, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
  4144.  
  4145. <li class="indx">Guests, entertainment of, costly in war, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
  4146.  
  4147. <li class="indx">Guides, employment of, necessary, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
  4148.  
  4149. <li class="ifrst"><h3>H</h3></li>
  4150.  
  4151. <li class="indx">Halberd, one of the five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4152.  
  4153. <li class="indx">Halberds, great length of, <a href="#Page_75">75-76</a></li>
  4154.  
  4155. <li class="indx">Harness, must be strong in all details, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
  4156.  
  4157. <li class="indx">Health of troops, consideration for, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
  4158.  
  4159. <li class="indx">Heat, attack on enemy who has endured, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
  4160.  
  4161. <li class="indx">Heaven, one of five indispensable matters in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
  4162.  
  4163. <li class="indx">Heaven, the Ninth, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4164.  
  4165. <li class="indx">Highways, when not to interrupt, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
  4166.  
  4167. <li class="indx">Horses, killed for food, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  4168. <li class="isub1">care for, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li>
  4169. <li class="isub1">treatment of, <a href="#Page_99">99-100</a></li>
  4170.  
  4171. <li class="indx">Hsia, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
  4172.  
  4173. <li class="indx">Hsihe, defence of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
  4174.  
  4175. <li class="indx">Huangti, cause of victory by, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
  4176.  
  4177. <li class="indx">Humane treatment ensures obedience, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
  4178.  
  4179. <li class="indx">Hunger, how shown, by use of weapons, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  4180. <li class="isub1">how to meet, in case of enemy, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
  4181.  
  4182. <li class="ifrst"><h3>I</h3></li>
  4183.  
  4184. <li class="indx">Ichih, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
  4185.  
  4186. <li class="indx">Ignorance, three ways of, embarrassing to armies, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
  4187. <li class="isub1">of enemy causes defeat, 27<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></li>
  4188.  
  4189. <li class="indx">Impartiality, Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
  4190.  
  4191. <li class="indx">Impetuosity, blind, dangerous fault in general, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
  4192.  
  4193. <li class="indx">Indispensable matters, five, Suntzu on, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
  4194.  
  4195. <li class="indx">Indulgence, ill effects of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
  4196.  
  4197. <li class="indx">Influences, four important, in war, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
  4198.  
  4199. <li class="indx">Initiative, disadvantage of, on suspended ground, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
  4200.  
  4201. <li class="indx">Inner spies, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
  4202.  
  4203. <li class="indx">Internal disorder, a cause of war, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
  4204.  
  4205. <li class="indx">Intersecting ground, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li>
  4206. <li class="isub1">action on, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  4207.  
  4208. <li class="indx">Inundation of enemy, on marshy ground, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
  4209.  
  4210. <li class="indx">Invincible, how ancient masters made armies, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
  4211.  
  4212. <li class="indx">Involved ground, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</li>
  4213. <li class="isub1">action regarding, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
  4214.  
  4215. <li class="ifrst"><h3>J</h3></li>
  4216.  
  4217. <li class="indx">Japan, Sun and Wu revered in, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
  4218.  
  4219. <li class="indx">Japanese tactics, unlike Chinese, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
  4220. <li class="isub1">commentators on Chinese literature, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
  4221.  
  4222. <li class="indx">Javelin, one of the five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4223.  
  4224. <li class="indx">Justice, importance of, in rewards and punishment, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4225. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
  4226.  
  4227. <li class="ifrst"><h3>K</h3></li>
  4228.  
  4229. <li class="indx">Kingdom, the Middle, <a href="#Page_87">87-88</a></li>
  4230.  
  4231. <li class="indx">Kuei, courage of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
  4232.  
  4233. <li class="ifrst"><h3>L</h3></li>
  4234.  
  4235. <li class="indx">Lateness in field, cause of exhaustion, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li>
  4236.  
  4237. <li class="indx">Law, the, one of five indispensable matters in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
  4238. <li class="isub1">includes partition and ordering of troops, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4239. <li class="isub1">for defeating a country, or taking it, without strife, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
  4240. <li class="isub1">touching the rule, measure, tables, and scales, and the foretelling of victory, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
  4241.  
  4242. <li class="indx">Leader, one of five indispensable matters in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
  4243. <li class="isub1">(<i>See</i> <a href="#General">General</a>)</li>
  4244.  
  4245. <li class="indx">Letters, general should be master of, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
  4246.  
  4247. <li class="indx">Light esteem of enemy, result of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  4248.  
  4249. <li class="indx">Lightness, importance of, in operations, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</li>
  4250. <li class="isub1">four natures of, <a href="#Page_93">93-94</a></li>
  4251.  
  4252. <li class="indx">Literature, Chinese, place of Suntzu and Wutzu in, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
  4253. <li class="isub1">Japanese commentators on, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
  4254. <li class="isub1">thought compressed in, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
  4255.  
  4256. <li class="indx">Living spies, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
  4257.  
  4258. <li class="indx">Lu, number of men in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4259.  
  4260. <li class="indx">Luya, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
  4261.  
  4262. <li class="ifrst"><h3>M</h3></li>
  4263.  
  4264. <li class="indx">Man&oelig;uvre, battle avoided by, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li>
  4265. <li class="isub1">normal and abnormal, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
  4266. <li class="isub1">master in art of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
  4267.  
  4268. <li class="indx">March, forced, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
  4269. <li class="isub1">should be calm, like forest, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
  4270.  
  4271. <li class="indx">Marshes, unsuitable for camp, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
  4272. <li class="isub1">disposal of troops regarding, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
  4273. <li class="isub1">attack by fire of enemy encamped in, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li>
  4274. <li class="isub1">inundation of enemy in, 106<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></li>
  4275.  
  4276. <li class="indx">Measure, the second law of war, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
  4277.  
  4278. <li class="indx">Meres, ambush to be expected in, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
  4279.  
  4280. <li class="indx">Merit, recognition of, by enemy, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li>
  4281. <li class="isub1">to be sought, advanced, and rewarded, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li>
  4282. <li class="isub1">Lord Wen discriminates between guests with and without, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
  4283.  
  4284. <li class="indx">Messengers, enemy&rsquo;s movements revealed by, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  4285.  
  4286. <li class="indx">Midday, time for spirits of troops to flag, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
  4287.  
  4288. <li class="indx">Middle Kingdom, the, <a href="#Page_87">87-88</a></li>
  4289.  
  4290. <li class="indx">Might, war of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
  4291.  
  4292. <li class="indx">Modification of military plans, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
  4293.  
  4294. <li class="indx">Moon, in quarters suitable for attack by fire, <a href="#Page_67">67-68</a></li>
  4295.  
  4296. <li class="indx">Moral of troops, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
  4297. <li class="isub1">use of banners to maintain, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
  4298.  
  4299. <li class="indx">Motion of troops, dignified, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
  4300.  
  4301. <li class="indx">Mountain warfare, disposal of troops in, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li>
  4302.  
  4303. <li class="indx">Mountains, advance among, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
  4304.  
  4305. <li class="indx">Movement of troops, <a href="#Page_47">47-53</a></li>
  4306.  
  4307. <li class="indx">Mu, Prince of Chin, example of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
  4308.  
  4309. <li class="indx">Mysterious Thread, the, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
  4310.  
  4311. <li class="indx">Mystery, supposed to surround art of war, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
  4312.  
  4313. <li class="ifrst"><h3>N</h3></li>
  4314.  
  4315. <li class="indx">Night, fighting in, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
  4316. <li class="isub1">voices calling in, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  4317.  
  4318. <li class="indx">Nine Changes, the, <a href="#Page_44">44-46</a></li>
  4319.  
  4320. <li class="indx">Nine Grounds, the, <a href="#Page_58">58-67</a>;</li>
  4321. <li class="isub1">action with regard to, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</li>
  4322. <li class="isub1">knowledge of, necessary to general, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
  4323.  
  4324. <li class="indx">Normal man&oelig;uvres, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
  4325.  
  4326. <li class="indx">Numbers, proportionate, needed to attack and to divide, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
  4327. <li class="isub1">subdivision of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
  4328. <li class="isub1">superiority of, an economy of strength, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
  4329. <li class="isub1">no certain mark of strength, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4330. <li class="isub1">Prince Yuhu&rsquo;s trust in, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li>
  4331. <li class="isub1">tactics regarding differences in, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li>
  4332. <li class="isub1">of no avail in war in valleys, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
  4333.  
  4334. <li class="ifrst"><h3>O</h3></li>
  4335.  
  4336. <li class="indx">Obedience ensured by humane conduct, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
  4337. <li class="isub1">early training in, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
  4338.  
  4339. <li class="indx">Obsequiousness in general, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  4340.  
  4341. <li class="indx">Officers, when angered by soldiers, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  4342. <li class="isub1">weak with strong soldiers, and <i>vice versa</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
  4343.  
  4344. <li class="indx">Officials, who have care for people, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
  4345.  
  4346. <li class="indx">Omens, discussion of, to be forbidden, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
  4347.  
  4348. <li class="indx">Open ground, movement on, <a href="#Page_53">53-54</a></li>
  4349.  
  4350. <li class="indx">Opportunity, one of four important influences in war, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  4351.  
  4352. <li class="indx">Oracles, cases for attack, when needless to consult, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
  4353.  
  4354. <li class="indx">Order of Battle, the, <a href="#Page_28">28-30</a></li>
  4355.  
  4356. <li class="indx">Order, importance of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
  4357.  
  4358. <li class="indx">Outlet, for retiring enemy, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li>
  4359. <li class="isub1">from enclosed ground, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
  4360.  
  4361. <li class="indx">Ovens, natural (mouths of valleys), 99<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></li>
  4362.  
  4363. <li class="ifrst"><h3>P</h3></li>
  4364.  
  4365. <li class="indx">Pass, when to meet enemy in, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
  4366.  
  4367. <li class="indx">Passages, narrow, avoidance of, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
  4368.  
  4369. <li class="indx">Path-ridden ground, <a href="#Page_58">58-59</a></li>
  4370.  
  4371. <li class="indx">Patriotism, not a factor in Chinese wars, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
  4372.  
  4373. <li class="indx">Penalties, Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  4374.  
  4375. <li class="indx">Pennons, Wutzu on use of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  4376.  
  4377. <li class="indx">Pestilence, attack on enemy who endures, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
  4378.  
  4379. <li class="indx">Pike, one of five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4380.  
  4381. <li class="indx">Pillage by enemy, Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
  4382.  
  4383. <li class="indx">Plan of campaign, modifications in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
  4384.  
  4385. <li class="indx">Pole star (standard), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4386.  
  4387. <li class="indx">Population, told by tables of laws of war, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
  4388. <li class="isub1">division of, into military groups, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <i>note</i>;</li>
  4389. <li class="isub1">cases of enemy&rsquo;s large, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
  4390.  
  4391. <li class="indx">Precipitous ground, occupation of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
  4392.  
  4393. <li class="indx">Preparation, one of five important matters for general, <a href="#Page_101">101-102</a></li>
  4394.  
  4395. <li class="indx">Pretence, war a thing of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
  4396.  
  4397. <li class="indx">Procedure, military, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
  4398.  
  4399. <li class="indx">Procrastination, evil of, in war, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
  4400.  
  4401. <li class="indx">Profit, a cause of war, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
  4402.  
  4403. <li class="indx">Punishment, frequent, what betokened by, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4404. <li class="isub1">when ordered by strange general, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  4405.  
  4406. <li class="ifrst"><h3>Q</h3></li>
  4407.  
  4408. <li class="indx">Qualities, of the general, <a href="#Page_101">101-107</a></li>
  4409.  
  4410. <li class="ifrst"><h3>R</h3></li>
  4411.  
  4412. <li class="indx">Rank, for those skilful in five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
  4413.  
  4414. <li class="indx">Reason, one of five important matters for general, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li>
  4415.  
  4416. <li class="indx">Regard-over, for troops, dangerous fault, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
  4417.  
  4418. <li class="indx">Relaxation of troops, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
  4419.  
  4420. <li class="indx">Repulse, resulting from general&rsquo;s incapacity, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
  4421.  
  4422. <li class="indx">Requirements of war, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a></li>
  4423.  
  4424. <li class="indx">Reserve (or flanking) force, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
  4425.  
  4426. <li class="indx">Rest, propriety in, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
  4427.  
  4428. <li class="indx">Rewards, justice in according, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4429. <li class="isub1">for those who take advantage of enemy, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
  4430. <li class="isub1">frequent, show lack of discipline, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4431. <li class="isub1">general&rsquo;s freedom in bestowing, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
  4432. <li class="isub1">for families of skilful in five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li>
  4433. <li class="isub1">consequence of enemy&rsquo;s wise bestowal of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li>
  4434. <li class="isub1">in advance, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li>
  4435. <li class="isub1">to be given to merit, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
  4436.  
  4437. <li class="indx">Revenge, war of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
  4438.  
  4439. <li class="indx">Riches, why denied to soldiers, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
  4440.  
  4441. <li class="indx">Right-hand men, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, and <i>note</i></li>
  4442.  
  4443. <li class="indx">Righteous war, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
  4444.  
  4445. <li class="indx">Righteousness, overcome by propriety, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
  4446. <li class="isub1">at root of achievement and merit, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
  4447.  
  4448. <li class="indx">Rivers of China affect operations, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li>
  4449. <li class="isub1">encampment on, inundation, and poisoning of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li>
  4450. <li class="isub1">not to be crossed when turbulent, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
  4451. <li class="isub1">observation of drawers from, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
  4452.  
  4453. <li class="indx">Roads to avoid, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
  4454.  
  4455. <li class="indx">Rule, as to survey of land, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
  4456. <li class="isub1">general above, in bestowing rewards, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
  4457. <li class="isub1">modified by circumstances, 67<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></li>
  4458.  
  4459. <li class="ifrst"><h3>S</h3></li>
  4460.  
  4461. <li class="indx">Sanctuary, reckoning in, before fighting, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
  4462.  
  4463. <li class="indx">Scales, in laws of war, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
  4464.  
  4465. <li class="indx">Secret of war, Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  4466.  
  4467. <li class="indx">Secret, ground of approaching attack to be kept, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
  4468.  
  4469. <li class="indx">Shen, Duke, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
  4470.  
  4471. <li class="indx">Shield, one of five arms, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4472.  
  4473. <li class="indx">Siege, not to be undertaken, if avoidable, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
  4474. <li class="isub1">misfortunes entailed by, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
  4475.  
  4476. <li class="indx">Simplicity, one of five important matters for leader, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
  4477.  
  4478. <li class="indx">Simulation, use of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li>
  4479.  
  4480. <li class="indx">Situation, important matter in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
  4481.  
  4482. <li class="indx">Snakes (banners), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4483.  
  4484. <li class="indx">Soldiers, training of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4485. <li class="isub1">strength of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
  4486.  
  4487. <li class="indx">Sparrows, red (banners), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4488.  
  4489. <li class="indx">Spears, weapons for short men, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
  4490.  
  4491. <li class="indx">Spies, estimation of, in China, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li>
  4492. <li class="isub1">Suntzu on power of, <a href="#Page_13">13-14</a>;</li>
  4493. <li class="isub1">on titles and salaries to, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
  4494. <li class="isub1">five kinds of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li>
  4495. <li class="isub1">of enemy, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
  4496. <li class="isub1">skillfully sown, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  4497.  
  4498. <li class="indx">Spirit of troops, <a href="#Page_31">31-34</a>;</li>
  4499. <li class="isub1">compared to torrent, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
  4500. <li class="isub1">good fighter seeks victory from, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
  4501. <li class="isub1">keen in morning, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li>
  4502. <li class="isub1">sustained by speed, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
  4503. <li class="isub1">influence of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
  4504.  
  4505. <li class="indx">Stables, care of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4506.  
  4507. <li class="indx">Standard of Takeda Shingen, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4508.  
  4509. <li class="indx">Standards to be entrusted to strong men, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li>
  4510. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on use of, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
  4511.  
  4512. <li class="indx">Strata, Chinese division of earth and sky into nine, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4513.  
  4514. <li class="indx">Stratagem, the attack by, <a href="#Page_24">24-27</a>;</li>
  4515. <li class="isub1">use of, on enclosed ground, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li>
  4516. <li class="isub1">importance of, in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
  4517.  
  4518. <li class="indx">Strategy, secrets of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li>
  4519. <li class="isub1">how to outwit enemy by, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
  4520. <li class="isub1">assault by, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
  4521. <li class="isub1">in offering apparent advantage, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li>
  4522. <li class="isub1">not to be repeated, if victorious, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
  4523.  
  4524. <li class="indx">Steep place, advantage of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
  4525.  
  4526. <li class="indx">Store burning, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
  4527.  
  4528. <li class="indx">Strength, first in field husbands, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
  4529. <li class="isub1">economy of, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
  4530. <li class="isub1">ways of husbanding, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
  4531.  
  4532. <li class="indx">Strong, place of, with cowardly, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
  4533.  
  4534. <li class="indx">Sun. (<i>See</i> <a href="#Suntzu">Suntzu</a>.)</li>
  4535.  
  4536. <li class="indx">Sunny ground, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
  4537.  
  4538. <li class="indx"><a name="Suntzu" id="Suntzu"></a>Suntzu, place of, in Chinese literature, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
  4539. <li class="isub1">on march of army, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
  4540. <li class="isub1">on offensive action, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
  4541. <li class="isub1">tactics of, unlike Japanese, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
  4542. <li class="isub1">disinterested comments on war by, <a href="#Page_12">12-13</a>;</li>
  4543. <li class="isub1">revered in Japan, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
  4544. <li class="isub1">influence of, in late Japanese war, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
  4545. <li class="isub1">not patriot, but strategist, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
  4546. <li class="isub1">story told of, <a href="#Page_15">15-16</a>;</li>
  4547. <li class="isub1">Articles of, <a href="#Page_17">17-74</a>;</li>
  4548. <li class="isub1">on five indispensable matters, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
  4549. <li class="isub1">on operations of war, <a href="#Page_20">20-23</a>;</li>
  4550. <li class="isub1">on attack by stratagem, <a href="#Page_24">24-27</a>;</li>
  4551. <li class="isub1">on Order of Battle, <a href="#Page_28">28-30</a>;</li>
  4552. <li class="isub1">on spirit of troops, <a href="#Page_31">31-34</a>;</li>
  4553. <li class="isub1">on emptiness and strength, <a href="#Page_34">34-39</a>;</li>
  4554. <li class="isub1">on battle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> tactics, <a href="#Page_40">40-44</a>;</li>
  4555. <li class="isub1">on the Nine Changes, <a href="#Page_44">44-46</a>;</li>
  4556. <li class="isub1">on movement of troops, <a href="#Page_47">47-53</a>;</li>
  4557. <li class="isub1">on ground, <a href="#Page_53">53-57</a>;</li>
  4558. <li class="isub1">on the Nine Grounds, <a href="#Page_58">58-67</a>;</li>
  4559. <li class="isub1">on assault by fire, <a href="#Page_67">67-69</a>;</li>
  4560. <li class="isub1">on the employment of spies, <a href="#Page_70">70-74</a></li>
  4561.  
  4562. <li class="indx">Surprise, case of enemy taken by, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
  4563.  
  4564. <li class="indx">Survey of land, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
  4565.  
  4566. <li class="indx">Suspended ground, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
  4567.  
  4568. <li class="indx">Swamps, movements regarding, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li>
  4569.  
  4570. <li class="indx">Sympathy, between general and soldiers, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li>
  4571. <li class="isub1">consequences of, <a href="#Page_56">56-57</a></li>
  4572.  
  4573. <li class="ifrst"><h3>T</h3></li>
  4574.  
  4575. <li class="indx">Tables of population, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
  4576.  
  4577. <li class="indx">Tactics, skill in change of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
  4578. <li class="isub1">difficulty of military, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li>
  4579. <li class="isub1">battle, <a href="#Page_40">40-44</a></li>
  4580.  
  4581. <li class="indx">Takeda Shingen, words on standard of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4582.  
  4583. <li class="indx">Tang, Lord, of Cheng, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
  4584.  
  4585. <li class="indx">Temper, quick, dangerous fault in general, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
  4586.  
  4587. <li class="indx">Tigers, white (banners), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4588.  
  4589. <li class="indx">Tortoises (banners), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4590.  
  4591. <li class="indx">Training, one of seven important military matters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4592. <li class="isub1">Wutzu esteems first requirement in war, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
  4593.  
  4594. <li class="indx">Transport, loss of, through bad tactics, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
  4595.  
  4596. <li class="indx">Trees, movement among, <a href="#Page_49">49-50</a></li>
  4597.  
  4598. <li class="indx">Truce, apologies betray anxiety for, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
  4599.  
  4600. <li class="indx">Tsu, number of men in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4601.  
  4602. <li class="indx">Turtle, enquiry by, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, and <i>note</i></li>
  4603.  
  4604. <li class="indx">Tyranny, war of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
  4605.  
  4606. <li class="ifrst"><h3>U</h3></li>
  4607.  
  4608. <li class="indx">Umbrella, part of Chinese soldier&rsquo;s equipment, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
  4609.  
  4610. <li class="indx">Uniformity, brought about by authority, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
  4611.  
  4612. <li class="indx">Unity results from position of troops in enemy&rsquo;s land, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
  4613.  
  4614. <li class="indx">Unrighteous war, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
  4615.  
  4616. <li class="ifrst"><h3>V</h3></li>
  4617.  
  4618. <li class="indx">Valleys, movement of troops regarding steep, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
  4619. <li class="isub1">advance in, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li>
  4620. <li class="isub1">war in, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
  4621.  
  4622. <li class="indx">Victory, how to foretell, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4623. <li class="isub1">instruments of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
  4624. <li class="isub1">the object of war, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
  4625. <li class="isub1">five heralds of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li>
  4626. <li class="isub1">skillful soldiers ensure, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
  4627. <li class="isub1">not always real success, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li>
  4628. <li class="isub1">how to calculate, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
  4629. <li class="isub1">spirit, great factor in, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
  4630. <li class="isub1">ground handmaid of, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li>
  4631. <li class="isub1">good government foundation of, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
  4632.  
  4633. <li class="indx">Vigilance, when especially necessary, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li>
  4634. <li class="isub1">one of five important matters for general, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li>
  4635.  
  4636. <li class="indx">Village spies, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
  4637.  
  4638. <li class="indx">Virtue of the prince, one of seven important matters, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
  4639. <li class="isub1">essential for general, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
  4640.  
  4641. <li class="indx">Virtues, the five, comprised in &ldquo;The Way,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4642.  
  4643. <li class="indx">Voices in night, signification of, in war, 51<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></li>
  4644.  
  4645. <li class="ifrst"><h3>W</h3></li>
  4646.  
  4647. <li class="indx">Waggons, cost of upkeep of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li>
  4648.  
  4649. <li class="indx">War, evils in train of, <a href="#Page_12">12-13</a>;</li>
  4650. <li class="isub1">a thing of pretence, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li>
  4651. <li class="isub1">requirements of, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</li>
  4652. <li class="isub1">quick accomplishment of, desirable, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
  4653. <li class="isub1">evils of, should be realised, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li>
  4654. <li class="isub1">victory&mdash;not long operations&mdash;object of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
  4655. <li class="isub1">supreme art of, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
  4656. <li class="isub1">no fixity in spirit of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
  4657. <li class="isub1">action on declaration of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
  4658. <li class="isub1">five causes of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
  4659. <li class="isub1">five natures of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
  4660. <li class="isub1">ways of overcoming five natures of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
  4661.  
  4662. <li class="indx">Water, army likened to, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
  4663. <li class="isub1">troops in relation to, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li>
  4664. <li class="isub1">observation of drawers of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li>
  4665. <li class="isub1">isolation or division of enemy by, <a href="#Page_68">68-69</a>;</li>
  4666. <li class="isub1">attack on enemy who lacks, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
  4667. <li class="isub1">striking of enemy when half across, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
  4668.  
  4669. <li class="indx">Way, the, an indispensable matter in war, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
  4670. <li class="isub1">skillful leader steadfast in, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
  4671. <li class="isub1">Wutzu on, <a href="#Page_78">78-79</a></li>
  4672.  
  4673. <li class="indx">Weapons, the five, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>note</i>;</li>
  4674. <li class="isub1">condition of enemy&rsquo;s important, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li>
  4675. <li class="isub1">distribution of, to tall, short, strong, bold, feeble, and wise, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li>
  4676.  
  4677. <li class="indx">Wei, Wen, Lord of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
  4678. <li class="isub1">army of, opposes that of Chin, <a href="#Page_117">117-118</a>;</li>
  4679. <li class="isub1">victory by, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
  4680.  
  4681. <li class="indx">Wen, Prince of Chin, example of, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
  4682.  
  4683. <li class="indx">Wen, Lord of Wei, questions Wutzu, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
  4684. <li class="isub1">result of questioning by, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
  4685. <li class="isub1">addresses further questions, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li>
  4686. <li class="isub1">treatment by, of guests with great, medium, and deficient merit, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
  4687. <li class="isub1">proposal by Wutzu to, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li>
  4688.  
  4689. <li class="indx">Whistles, Wutzu on use of, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
  4690.  
  4691. <li class="indx">Wind, question of, in assault by fire, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
  4692. <li class="isub1">attack on enemy who has encountered, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
  4693. <li class="isub1">direction of, to be studied, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
  4694.  
  4695. <li class="indx">Woods, advance among, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
  4696.  
  4697. <li class="indx">Words, big or smooth, meaning of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
  4698.  
  4699. <li class="indx">Wu, number of men in, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4700.  
  4701. <li class="indx">Wu, soldiers of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
  4702. <li class="isub1">hatred between men of, and those of Yueh, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
  4703.  
  4704. <li class="indx">Wutzu, place of, in Chinese literature, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
  4705. <li class="isub1">offensive-defensive tactics of, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
  4706. <li class="isub1">comments disinterestedly on war, <a href="#Page_12">12-13</a>;</li>
  4707. <li class="isub1">revered in Japan, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
  4708. <li class="isub1">influence of, in late Japanese war, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
  4709. <li class="isub1">not patriot, but strategist, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
  4710. <li class="isub1">instance of low moral character of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
  4711. <li class="isub1">sayings of, <a href="#Page_75">75-119</a>;</li>
  4712. <li class="isub1">a scholar, but skilled in war, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
  4713. <li class="isub1">made general before altar, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
  4714. <li class="isub1">on controlling army, selecting men, and strengthening country, <a href="#Page_81">81-82</a>;</li>
  4715. <li class="isub1">on distribution of men, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
  4716. <li class="isub1">on battle array, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li>
  4717. <li class="isub1">gives instance of Lord Chuang of Chu, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li>
  4718. <li class="isub1">sayings on estimation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> of the enemy, <a href="#Page_85">85-93</a>;</li>
  4719. <li class="isub1">on eight cases of attack, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li>
  4720. <li class="isub1">on six enemies to avoid, <a href="#Page_90">90-91</a>;</li>
  4721. <li class="isub1">on judgment of enemy&rsquo;s condition, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li>
  4722. <li class="isub1">on best time for attack, <a href="#Page_92">92-93</a>;</li>
  4723. <li class="isub1">on control of army, <a href="#Page_93">93-100</a>;</li>
  4724. <li class="isub1">on maintenance of order, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li>
  4725. <li class="isub1">on expectation of life or death, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li>
  4726. <li class="isub1">on training, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li>
  4727. <li class="isub1">on treatment of horses, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li>
  4728. <li class="isub1">on qualities of general, <a href="#Page_101">101-107</a>;</li>
  4729. <li class="isub1">on four important influences of war, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li>
  4730. <li class="isub1">on use of bells, drums, flags, standards, banners, laws, and penalties, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
  4731. <li class="isub1">on secret of war, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
  4732. <li class="isub1">advice for case of troops in confusion, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li>
  4733. <li class="isub1">on numerical differences, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li>
  4734. <li class="isub1">on division of troops into five armies, <a href="#Page_110">110-111</a>;</li>
  4735. <li class="isub1">on differences of position, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li>
  4736. <li class="isub1">on war in valleys, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li>
  4737. <li class="isub1">on water fighting, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li>
  4738. <li class="isub1">on fighting after long rain, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li>
  4739. <li class="isub1">on pillage by enemy, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li>
  4740. <li class="isub1">on investing a castle, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li>
  4741. <li class="isub1">on impartiality, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li>
  4742. <li class="isub1">success of counsels of, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
  4743.  
  4744. <li class="ifrst"><h3>Y</h3></li>
  4745.  
  4746. <li class="indx">Yang, principle in Chinese philosophy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4747.  
  4748. <li class="indx">Yen, estimation of soldiers of, <a href="#Page_85">85-86</a>;</li>
  4749. <li class="isub1">nature of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
  4750.  
  4751. <li class="indx">Yin, principle in Chinese philosophy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4752.  
  4753. <li class="indx">Yin, province of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
  4754.  
  4755. <li class="indx">Yin, even number, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4756.  
  4757. <li class="indx">Yueh, continually at war with Wu, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>note</i></li>
  4758.  
  4759. <li class="indx">Yuhu, Prince, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li></ul>
  4760.  
  4761. <hr class="tb" />
  4762.  
  4763. <p class="center small">PRINTED AT THE EDINBURGH PRESS, 9 AND 11 YOUNG STREET
  4764. </p>
  4765.  
  4766. <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
  4767.  
  4768. <div class="footnote">
  4769.  
  4770. <p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The five virtues of humanity, righteousness, propriety,
  4771. wisdom and faith are known as The Way.</p></div>
  4772.  
  4773. <div class="footnote">
  4774.  
  4775. <p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The Yin and Yang are the two principles into which
  4776. natural phenomena are divided in Chinese philosophy. Yin
  4777. is the masculine, active, or light principle, and Yang is the
  4778. feminine, passive, or dark principle. In this connection, day
  4779. and night, rain, mist and wind are designated.</p></div>
  4780.  
  4781. <div class="footnote">
  4782.  
  4783. <p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The Chinese army consisted of 12,500, the &ldquo;lu&rdquo; of 500,
  4784. &ldquo;tsu&rdquo; of 50, and the &ldquo;wu&rdquo; of 5 men.</p></div>
  4785.  
  4786. <div class="footnote">
  4787.  
  4788. <p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> The &ldquo;Chuyin&rdquo; was a large tower or work constructed to
  4789. give command over the interior of the enemy&rsquo;s fortress.
  4790. </p>
  4791. <p>
  4792. High poles were also erected, from the top of which
  4793. archers, each encased in an arrow-proof box and raised by a
  4794. rope and pulley, shot at the besieged.</p></div>
  4795.  
  4796. <div class="footnote">
  4797.  
  4798. <p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Literally 9th heaven, and 9th earth. The Chinese
  4799. divided the earth and sky each into 9 strata.</p></div>
  4800.  
  4801. <div class="footnote">
  4802.  
  4803. <p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> An animal&rsquo;s coat is thinnest in autumn.</p></div>
  4804.  
  4805. <div class="footnote">
  4806.  
  4807. <p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The drum was used to beat the assembly and in the
  4808. advance, the bell as a signal to halt. Flags were of two
  4809. kinds, signalling flags and distinguishing banners.</p></div>
  4810.  
  4811. <div class="footnote">
  4812.  
  4813. <p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> The normal and the abnormal refer to what in modern
  4814. phrase are termed the frontal or holding force and the
  4815. flanking or surprise force.</p></div>
  4816.  
  4817. <div class="footnote">
  4818.  
  4819. <p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The five cardinal tastes are, acridity, bitterness, sourness,
  4820. sweetness and saline taste.</p></div>
  4821.  
  4822. <div class="footnote">
  4823.  
  4824. <p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Sun, as has been said, was a man of Wu. Wu and Yueh
  4825. were continually at war.</p></div>
  4826.  
  4827. <div class="footnote">
  4828.  
  4829. <p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Wood, fire, earth, metal and water.</p></div>
  4830.  
  4831. <div class="footnote">
  4832.  
  4833. <p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> This passage was written on the standard of Takeda
  4834. Shingen, one of Japan&rsquo;s most famous generals.</p></div>
  4835.  
  4836. <div class="footnote">
  4837.  
  4838. <p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> This and the following are so called because the men are
  4839. continually thinking of, and slipping back to their homes.</p></div>
  4840.  
  4841. <div class="footnote">
  4842.  
  4843. <p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> The population was divided, for military purposes, into
  4844. groups of eight families. In time of war, each group sent one
  4845. man into the field, furnished his wants, and provided for
  4846. his family. Therefore if 100,000 men are taken, 700,000
  4847. homes are affected.</p></div>
  4848.  
  4849. <div class="footnote">
  4850.  
  4851. <p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> So called because they are put to death when the enemy
  4852. finds out that he has been tricked.</p></div>
  4853.  
  4854. <div class="footnote">
  4855.  
  4856. <p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Messengers and others, who do not disguise their identity,
  4857. are included under this heading.</p></div>
  4858.  
  4859. <div class="footnote">
  4860.  
  4861. <p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Literally, right and left men, <i>i.e.</i> they who sat on either
  4862. side.</p></div>
  4863.  
  4864. <div class="footnote">
  4865.  
  4866. <p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> All numbers connected with weapons were Yin, that
  4867. is to say&mdash;even, or belonging to the negative principle of
  4868. Chinese philosophy from their connection with death.</p></div>
  4869.  
  4870. <div class="footnote">
  4871.  
  4872. <p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> The back of a turtle was burnt, and the answer was
  4873. ascertained by the manner in which the shell split.</p></div>
  4874.  
  4875. <div class="footnote">
  4876.  
  4877. <p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Halberd, shield, javelin, pike, and short pike.</p></div>
  4878.  
  4879. <div class="footnote">
  4880.  
  4881. <p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Silently.</p></div></div>
  4882. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  4883. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  4884.  
  4885. <div class="transnote">
  4886. <p>Transcriber's note:</p>
  4887.  
  4888. <p>The following is a list of changes made to the original.
  4889. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.</p>
  4890.  
  4891. <p>Page 40:</p>
  4892. <p>
  4893. reap advantage; the wrangles of a multitude are <span class="u">frought</span> with peril.<br />
  4894. reap advantage; the wrangles of a multitude are <span class="u">fraught</span> with peril.</p>
  4895.  
  4896. <p>Page 92:</p>
  4897. <p>
  4898. <span class="u">Chi</span> answered and said:&mdash;<br />
  4899. <span class="u">Wu</span> answered and said:&mdash;</p>
  4900.  
  4901. <p>Page 95:</p>
  4902. <p>
  4903. "By what means can the army gain the <span class="u">victory?</span><br />
  4904. "By what means can the army gain the <span class="u">victory?"</span></p>
  4905.  
  4906. <p>Page 109:</p>
  4907. <p>
  4908. And Lord <span class="u">Wu</span> asked and said:--<br />
  4909. And Lord <span class="u">Wen</span> asked and said:--</p>
  4910.  
  4911. </div>
  4912.  
  4913. <p>&nbsp;</p>
  4914. <hr class="full" />
  4915. <p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF WAR: THE MILITARY CLASSIC OF THE FAR EAST***</p>
  4916. <p>******* This file should be named 44024-h.txt or 44024-h.zip *******</p>
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