UVa 679

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

typedef long long int ll;

int main()
{
	int t,z;
	cin>>t;
	while(t--){
		ll d,l,x=1;
		cin>>d>>l;
		for(int i=1;i<d;i++){
			if(l%2){
				x = x*2;
				l = (l+1)/2;
			}
			else{
				x = (x*2) + 1;
				l/=2;
			}
		}
		cout<<x<<endl;
	}
	cin>>z;
	return 0;
}