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Okap Grammar

phi2dao
Jun 13th, 2016
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  1. = Nouns =
  2. - Case Markers -
  3. Okap has seven case marking particles: ergative, accusative, locative, allative, ablative, instrumental, and comparative.
  4.  
  5. * Ergative - Wu
  6. This particle marks the agent of a patient-triggered or applicative verb.
  7.  
  8. * Accusative - Ke
  9. This particle marks the patient of an agent-triggered or applicative verb.
  10.  
  11. * Locative - Su
  12. This particle marks a physical or temporal location.
  13.  
  14. * Allative - No
  15. This particle marks a physical, temporal, or abstract target.
  16.  
  17. * Ablative - Hit
  18. This particle marks a physical, temporal, or abstract source.
  19.  
  20. * Instrumental - 'I
  21. This particle marks an instrument or method.
  22.  
  23. * Comparative - Cem
  24. This particle marks a similarity or manner.
  25.  
  26. - Possession -
  27. A possessed noun is marked by the reduplication of its first consonant and vowel.
  28.  
  29. - Collectives -
  30. A collective noun is marked by total reduplication.
  31.  
  32. = Pronouns =
  33. DIR ERG ACC
  34. SG 1 =na =ray =ke
  35. 2 =wi =ne =ta
  36. PL 1 =nu =ro =ko
  37. 2 =wu =no =tu
  38.  
  39. - Person and Number -
  40. Okap pronouns have two persons: 1st and 2nd, and two numbers: singular and plural.
  41.  
  42. - Case -
  43. Okap pronouns have three cases: direct, ergative, and accusative.
  44.  
  45. * Direct
  46. The patient of a patient-triggered verb, the agent of an agent-triggered verb, the oblique argument of an applicative verb, the object of a particle, or the possessor of a possessed noun.
  47.  
  48. * Ergative
  49. The agent of a patient-triggered verb.
  50.  
  51. * Accusative
  52. The patient of an agent-triggered verb.
  53.  
  54. = Verbs =
  55. - Voice -
  56. Okap verbs have five voices: patient-trigger, agent-trigger, causative, final cause, and benefactive.
  57.  
  58. * Patient-Trigger - -Ik-
  59. This voice marks a transitive verb whose agent is ergative and patient is direct.
  60.  
  61. * Agent-Trigger - -Ar-
  62. This voice marks a transitive verb whose agent is direct and patient is accusative.
  63.  
  64. * Causative - Ko-
  65. This voice marks a verb whose agent is ergative, patient is accusative, and causer is direct.
  66.  
  67. * Final Cause - Wa-
  68. This voice marks a verb whose agent is ergative, patient is accusative, and purpose is direct.
  69.  
  70. * Benefactive - Su-
  71. This voice marks a verb whose agent is ergative, patient is accusative, and benefactor is direct.
  72.  
  73. - Number -
  74. A verb with a plural direct argument is marked by the reduplication of its first consonant and vowel.
  75.  
  76. - Frequency -
  77. A verb occurring multiple times is marked by total reduplication.
  78.  
  79. = Emotions =
  80. - Emotives -
  81. Okap has eight emotives: happy, sad, excited, afraid, loving, angry, proud, and ashamed.
  82.  
  83. * Happy - Ci
  84. * Sad - 'Aw
  85. * Excited - Ya
  86. * Afraid - Ku
  87. * Loving - Ma
  88. * Angry - Ro
  89. * Proud - He
  90. * Ashamed - 'O
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