BASIC COMMANDS
$ ls
$ mkdir Nktt
$ cd Nktt
$ mkdir BBI
$ mkdir BCOM
$ mkdir BSCIT
$ ls -a
$ ls -l
$ cd BBI
$ cat >> FY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cat >> SY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cat >> TY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cd ..
$ cd BCOM
$ cat >> FY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cat >> SY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cat >> TY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cd ..
$ cd BSCIT
$ cat >> FY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cat >> SY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ cat >> TY ADD DATA THEN CTRL + Z
$ ls -a
$ ls -l
$ ls -F
$ ls -r
$ ls -R
$ ls -S
$ ls *
$ ls
---------- TOUCH USE KARNE KE LIYE
$ mkdir nktt1
$ cd nktt1
$ touch f1 f2 f3 f4
$ ls -l
$ cd
$ cd nkkt1
$ ls
$ rm f1
$ rm -rf f2
$rm -v f3
$ ls
$ rm -l f4
$ ls  -l
$ cd
$ rmdir nktt1
$ ls
$ mkdir nktt2
$ cd nktt2
$ pwd
$ cat >> collegegroup ADD DATA THEN Ctrl + z
$ cat collegegroup
$ tac collegegroup
$ head collegegroup
$ tail collegegroup
$ more collegegroup
$ less collegegroup
$ man collegegroup
$ date
$ cal
$ who
----------------------------------------------------------ADVANCE COMMAND
$ ps a
$ ps u
$ ps x
$ ps aux | less
$ ps aux | tail
$ ps afx
$ ps aux
$ ps aux >> p1.txt
$ ls
$ find *p1.txt
$ grep "Words_to_be_searched" f5
$ jobs
$ gb
$ fg
$ top
$ Pstree
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SOFT LINK
$ mkdir nktt3
$ mkdir softlink
$ cd nktt3
$ mkdir f5
$ cd f5
$ mkdir f6
$ cd f6
$ cat >> test1
Hello
i am fine  (ctrl + z)
$ pwd (COPY PATH)
$ cd
$ cd softlink
$ ln -s (PASTE THAT COIED PATH + /test soft)
$ ls -ltr
$ cat soft
--------------------------------------------------
HARD LINK

$ mkdir nktt4
$ mkdir hardlink
$ cd nktt4
$ mkdir f7
$ cd f7
$ mkdir f8
$ cd f8
$ cat >> test2
Hello
i am fine  (ctrl + z)
$ pwd (COPY PATH)
$ cd
$ cd hardlink
$ ln -s (PASTE THAT COIED PATH + /test hard)
$ ls -ltr
$ cat hard
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CHANGE IP ADDRESS

1) CLI
$ su
$ ifconfig eth1
$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
$ ifconfig eth1

2) GUI
$ su
$ system-config-network
SELECT DEVICE CONFIGURATION
SELECT AUTO ETH1
ENTER YOUR INFORMATION IN NETWORK CONFIGURATION
CLICK ON SAVE AND QUIT
$ service network restart
$ ifconfig

3) NETWORK SCIPT
$ su
$ vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
IPADDR=192.168.0.4
NETMASK=255.255.255.0

OR OR OR OR

TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4 FAILURE FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=no
NAME="Auto eth1"
UUID=c79f9b2d-d556-4f9c-82fe-da85155209eb
ONBOOT=yes
DEVICE Auto eth1
NM CONTROLLED=yes
USERCTL=no
HWADDR=08:00:27 a3: be:84
PEERDNS=yes
PEERROUTES=yes
LAST CONNECT-1697002323
IPADDR=198.168.0.1
NETMASK=255.255.255.0

$ vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=none
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4 FAILURE FATAL=yes
IPV6INIT=no
NAME="Auto eth1"
UUID=c79f9b2d-d556-4f9c-82f0-da85155209eb
ONBOOT=yes
DEVICE=Auto eth1
NM_CONTROLLED=yes
USERCTL=no
HWADDR=08:00:27:33:be:84
PEERDNS=yes
PEERROUTES=yes
LAST CONNECT=1697002323
IPADDR=198.168.0.4
NETMASK=255.255.255.0

$ service network start
$ ifcfg
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USER ADD MODIFICATION DELETION

$ su
$ useradd user1
$ passwd user1
$ su user1
$ pwd
GO TO ORIGINAL USER
$ su user
$ useradd user2
$ usermod -l user2 user3
$ usermod -d /new/home/directory user3
$ userdel user3
CREATE A GROUP:
# groupadd users
DELETE A GROUP:
# groupdel users
ADD USER TO A GROUP:
# usermod -a G users user2
REMOVE USER FROM A GROUP:
# usermod -G - user2
$ id user2
$ gid=502(user2) groups=502(user2)
$ usermod -m -d /home/user2 user1
$ su user1
$ pwd
$ su user1
$ usermod -e 2023-07-20 user1
GO TO PROPERTIES - ACCOUNT INFO
$ usermod -g m1 user1
$ id user1
$ usermod -L user1
$ usermod -U user1
$ userdel -r user1

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NFS
$ su -
$ rpm -qa | grep nfs
$ cd /
$ cd home
$ ls
$ mkdir test1
$ cd test1
$ touch f1 f2 f3
$ cat >> s1
Hello World
$ vi /etc/exports
		Insert this line :
		/home/test *(rw,sync)
		and then press:
		(esc) : w q
		(enter)
$ service nfs start
$ ifconfig
$ showmount -e 192.168.87.172 //your ip address
$ service iptables stop
$ service iptables status
$ chmod -R 777 /home/test1
$ cd ..
$ pwd
$ ls
$ mkdir nfsclient
$ mount -t nfs 192.168.87.172:/home/test1 /home/nfsclient
$ cd nfsclient
$ ls -l
$ ls -a

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SAMBA
In latest windows 10 and 11 by default SMB 1.0 is disabled and SMB client version 4 is not supported in rhel 6
To Enable it :
1. Press start button and search turn windows features on or off
2. Enable this SMB 1.0 as sh\own in figure
3. Restart the pc
$rpm -q samba samba-common samba-client
$rpm -qa | grep samba
If not installed then install using
$yum install samba
3. $su -
4. $cd /
5. $mkdir myshare
6. cd /myshare
7. $touch file1
[myshare]
comment = any comment
path = /myshare
writable = yes
browseable = yes
$vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
$testparm //to check syntactical errors
$setsebool -P samba_export_all_rw on
$setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs on
$ls -ldZ /myshare //It will display default_t label which needs to be set to samba_share to enable edting system files
$chcon -t samba_share_t /myshare
$service iptables stop
$useradd test
$smbpasswd -a test
Password 123
$service smb start
$service nmb start //To use hostname instead of ip addresses nmb package is used
$smbclient -U test -L localhost //to check details of share
$ip addr show or $hostname //make sure internet is connected check eth ip address

Now open cmd in windows os to test connection between rhel and windows
In windows cmd
Ping your rhel ip address or hostname to verify connection
$ping 192.168.31.172 OR //if packets sent 4 and received 4 then successful connection is established
$ping mylinuxpc //if packets sent 4 and received 4 then successful connection is established Here mylinux pc is hostname of rhel
Open windows explorer and right click network and click map network drive In folder textbox enter rhel server ip address
e,g \\192.168.31.172\myshare
OR
e,g \\mylinuxpc\myshare
Enter username and password
Username test
Password 123
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FTP
$yum install vsftpd (press y and enter whenever prompted)
$yum install ftp (press y and enter whenever prompted)
su -
rpm -qa | grep vsftpd
Service vsftpd start
Service vsftpd restart
Service vsftpd status
Service iptables stop
Service iptables status
Setsebool ftp_home_dir=1
Getsebool -a | grep ftp
Useradd test
Passwd test
Ls -idZ /var/ftp/pub
Chgrp ftp /var/ftp/pub
Chown ftp /vfar/ftp/pub
$Cd /var/ftp/pub
$Touch a1 a2 a3
Cat >> f1
Hello world
Cd /
Ifconfig
ftp 192.168.71.172 (add ip of ur linux sys)
Enter username and password
Login Successful
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APACHE
SU
# rpm -qa | grep httpd
2. # chkconfig httpd on
3. # service httpd start
4. # service httpd restart
5. # cd /var/www/html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<title>Simple HTML Page</title>
<head>
</head>
<h1> Hello World </h1>
<body>
</body>
</html>
6. # vim test.html
7. Esc : wq
8. Open Firefox browser and enter url
http://localhost/test.html

SSI METHOD
r #su -
#ifconfig
2. #dig (Your_IP_Address)
e,g #dig 192.168.1.3
3. #vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
1. NameVirtualHost *:80
2. <VirtualHost *:80>
3. DocumentRoot
4. </VirtualHost>
4. Go to the last (pgDown Button) and uncomment(remove #) the following
5. Change the path of Document Root to /var/www/html
6. Now press pg up button and find this line upside line no. 339 and change Directory path to /var/www/html and add Includes after indexes
7.
8. Esc :wq
9. #service httpd restart
10. To resolve any warning Uncomment servername in line 273
11. Esc:wq
Practical 8b: Apache SSI (Server Side Includes)
 Pracs Page 15
12. #chkconfig httpd on
13. #cd /var/www/html
14. #chmod -R 777 /var/www/html
15. #vim sitest.shtml (Any Name with extension .shtml)
Enter the code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>SSI Test Page</title>
</head>
<body>
SSI Test Page Output
<hr>
<p align="center">
This file was last modified on :
<!--#echo var="LAST_MODIFIED" -->
</p>
</body>
</html>
16. Esc :wq
17. Now open firefox browser and enter http://localhost/sitest.shtml (Your filename with extension)

PDH METHOD

In /var/www/html dir
1. # vim hello.php
<!DOCTYPE html>
<title>PHP Test</title>
<head>
</head>
<?php echo '<p> Welcome to the world of PHP </p>'; ?>
<body>
</body>
</html>
2. Esc : wq
3. Open Firefox browser and enter url
http://localhost/hello.php
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRUB
# vim /boot/grub/grub.conf
 Change Timeout to 30 sec
 Change Title To NKT Red hat
Esc : wq
Esc :w q !
5. #init 6 /