In the world of modern technology, we are increasingly surrounded by robotics. Robotics is an important part of the modern world. In everyday life, at school and at home, we use a huge number of technical devices: mobile phones, washing machines, computer equipment and much more, all of which are robots. Every year science develops, research does not stand still. This industry is improving very quickly in the world.
Robotics is a field of engineering and technology related to the design, creation and use of robots. Robots, as mechanical devices equipped with artificial intelligence, can perform various tasks, from automating production processes to performing complex operations and providing assistance to people in everyday life. In the modern world, robotics is playing an increasingly important role and has a significant impact on various areas of our lives.
According to the latest data, 1.8 million different robots work in the world today — from industrial to home. At the same time, the largest number of robots is used in South Korea, Singapore took the second place, Japan took the third, followed by the USA and China. And in Russia, robots account for only about 0.25% of the global market, which is extremely small.

What is a robot? Karel Chapek introduced the word "robot" into our speech. A robot is an automatic device that simulates human movements and actions. These are human mechanical assistants capable of performing operations on the program embedded in them and react to the environment. Robotics (from robot and technology) is an applied science engaged in the development of automated technical systems. The concept of "robotics" belongs to Isaac Asimov, it first appeared in 1941. And in 1942, he formulated 3 laws of robotics.
A robot cannot harm a person or, by doing nothing, allow a person to be harmed.
A robot must obey orders given to it by a human, except in cases where such orders contradict the first rule.
A robot must protect its existence as long as this protection does not contradict the first or second rule.
Robotics is based on disciplines such as electronics, mechanics, and programming. There is construction, industrial, household, aviation, military, and space robotics. When creating robotics needs to be guided by the rules, a friendly attitude towards humans should be the main thing in programming robots.

At all stages of its development, mankind has sought to create tools, mechanisms, machines that facilitate labor and provide protection from the enemy. The evolution of modern society and production has led to the emergence and development of a new class of machines — robots — and the corresponding scientific direction — robotics. Robotics today is an intensively developing scientific and technical discipline that studies both the theory, methods of calculation and design of robots, their systems and elements, and problems integrated automation of production and scientific research using robots. The subject of robotics is the creation and application of robots, other robotics tools and technical systems and complexes based on them for various purposes.
The history of robotics goes back to ancient times. Already at that time, ideas for creating technical means like humans appeared and the first attempts were made to create them. Statues of gods with movable body parts (arms, head) appeared in ancient Egypt, Babylon, and China. In the 3rd century BC, a Roman poet Claudius mentioned an automaton made by Archimedes. It had the shape of a glass ball with an image of the firmament, on which the movement of all was reproduced the heavenly bodies known at that time. The ball was propelled by water. And the Greek inventor and physicist Ctesibius from Alexandria designed a water clock. It was the first automatic machine for precise timing. Books have reached us Heron of Alexandria (I century A.D.), where similar and many other automata of antiquity are described. They used water, steam, and gravity (kettlebells) as an energy source. In the "Theater of Automata", even the device of an entire theater is described, the performance in which was played out by figurines-dolls driven by a system of gears, blocks and levers.
In the Middle Ages, various kinds of automata based on the use of clockwork mechanisms were very popular. All kinds of clocks with moving figures of people, angels, etc. were created. This period includes information about the creation of the first mobile humanoid mechanical figures — androids. So, the android of the alchemist Albert the Great was a human-sized doll that, when knocking on the door, opened and closed it, bowing at the same time to the incoming person. In the 13th century, Albert the Great created an automaton, later known as the "talking head", capable of reproducing the human voice. In 1495, Leonardo da Vinci developed a detailed design for a mechanical man capable of moving his arms and turning his head. And in 1500, he built a mechanical lion, which, at the entrance of the King of France to Milan, moved out, tore his chest with his claws and showed Coat of arms of France. The work on the creation of androids has reached the greatest development in XVIII century. Simultaneously with the heyday of watchmaking. French mechanic and inventor Jacques de Vaucanson created in 1738 the first working a humanoid device (android) that played the flute. The "flutist" was as tall as a man.
Due to the development of electrical engineering and electronics, the needs of society and production in various automatic devices are being realized. Literature and art at this time play the role of a catalyst for the development of robotics. It was during this period that many science fiction works of literature appeared, in which android robots play the main roles. Science fiction about robots begins with Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley in 1818. This novel opened a whole series of works in which creatures created by people with good intentions realize themselves, come into conflict with human morality and perish.
The problems of introducing robots into industry as such have not been solved. If we turn to robots as software-controlled multipurpose manipulative automata designed for use in industry or scientific research, then one of the very first industrial manipulators was a rotary mechanism with a gripper device for removing workpieces from the furnace, developed in the USA by Babbitt in 1892. Copying manipulators developed by The State Research Institute of Oregon (USA) ANL his proposed instructions and control principles are still used in many models of industrial robots. One of the first manipulators in ANL for servicing nuclear power plants was developed in 1948 under the leadership of R. Hertz. It was a bi-directional copying manipulator. Thanks to the force sensitivity, the operator, who was behind a thick partition in a special room, had the opportunity not only to observe on the screen the movement of the copying manipulator controlled by him, but also to feel with his hands the amount of effort that the grip develops the manipulator. The use of such force feedback made it possible to simplify the remote-control process and expand the functionality of remote-controlled manipulators.
More direct precursors of modern manipulative robots can be considered programmable paint spraying machines developed in the 1930s and 1940s in the USA, for example, machines by Willard L.V. Pollard and Harold Roselandos, which were programmed by recording a signal from a lever mechanism moving along a given trajectory. The increased economic potential and the need for modern types of weapons of leading industrial countries in the first half of the twentieth century give a powerful impetus to the development of science and scientific and technical areas, without which the emergence and progress of modern robotics would become impossible. We are talking, first of all, about computing and cybernetics. In 1936-1937, the English mathematician Alan Mathison Turing introduced the concept of an "abstract computing machine" capable of performing calculations of arbitrary complexity using the simplest read and shift operations. This machine later became known as the Turing machine and became the prototype of universal computing machines that appeared in the late 1940s. Based on the synthesis of the theory of information processes, computer technology and a functionally computational approach, cybernetics is being created, defined as the science of managing complex dynamic systems (academician A.I. Berg). Her "fathers" are called outstanding American scientists — mathematician Norbert Wiener and neurophysiologist Warren McCulloch, and the date of his official birth is considered to be 1948, when N. Wiener's book "Cybernetics, or control and communication in an animal and a machine" was published. The book contains a description of general management concepts in all systems, especially living, machine and social ones. One of the most important ideas of the book is the rationale that control processes, such as the processes of transmission, storage and processing of information, and communication in machines, are alive organisms and societies are similar. The logical conclusion of the period of formation of the theoretical foundations of computing technology can be considered the work of the American mathematician, one of the founders of cybernetics John von Neumann. It was to him that the idea of recording a program for solving a problem in computer memory belongs. Thanks to the principle of stored programs, computers have become universal. The first computers in which the von Neumann principle was put into practice were a computer based on the electromagnetic relay circuits of Howard Aiken Mark I (1944) and the electronic computer ENIAC, developed in 1947 under the direction of J. Prosper Eckert and J. Mokli, who later became the founders of the famous IBM company.
The emergence of modern robots should be attributed to 1959. This year, the first industrial manipulators with software control were created in the United States, which received the generally accepted name of industrial robots (OL) and marked the beginning of commercial production. In the 50s of the twentieth century, a group of American engineers began working on the problem of applying control theory to solving general problems of optimal movement of equipment. The pioneers here were two talented American engineers, George K. Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger. In 1954 Devol patented in the United States a method for moving objects between different parts of the enterprise based on a control program on punched cards similar to the one once proposed Babbage. The invention was designed to solve, first of all, precisely the problem of flexibility, i.e. the creation of a universal transportation device that is easily econfigurable to perform other operations.
Robotics finds applications in various industries such as manufacturing, medicine, aviation, education, household and transportation. One of the key aspects of robotics in the modern world is the automation of production and industry. Robots are used to perform monotonous, dangerous or time-consuming tasks, which increases productivity, reduces production costs and improves working conditions for workers.
Robotics also plays an important role in the medical field, providing precise surgical operations, rehabilitation assistance and patient care. Robotics is also used in research and development of new drugs and treatments.
Robots carry out autonomous missions in space and on the ocean floor, help in the creation of unmanned vehicles and drones, improve security systems and infrastructure maintenance.
Robotics plays a special role in the educational process, helping students to learn and understand the principles of mechanics, electronics and programming. This area of technology contributes to the development of logical thinking, creativity and problem-solving abilities.
In addition, with the development of robotics, new challenges and questions arise related to the ethical and legal aspects of using robots in society. There are questions about security, data privacy, and the impact of automation on the labor market.
As technology continues to evolve at a rapid pace, one of the most remarkable developments in the spotlight is the integration of robotics into various scientific disciplines. Robotics has moved beyond its traditional role in manufacturing and has now become an indispensable tool in the search for knowledge in a wide range of fields.
The fusion of robotics with scientific research has opened up new opportunities for discovery, pushing the boundaries of what we can achieve in laboratories, field research and beyond.
The field of robotics is an actively developing and promising field. Robotics is a world of really high technology. Modern robots seem fantastic and unreal, let's look at the latest developments in robotics. According to a Cisco study, robots will become a familiar part of the interior of an apartment and urban spaces in the 2020s. And research by Oxford University scientists has shown that in the next 10-20 years, a number of popular professions will either disappear, or artificial intelligence will take over this work. Robots will replace people where they had to do monotonous work, often difficult and dangerous, and in professions such as soldiers, doctors, realtors, teachers.

The design of robots, their appearance and their purpose can be very different. Some robots are designed to simplify human work or make it safer. Others are for fun. Industrial robots account for more than 80% of all existing devices today. There are three generations of robots.
First-generation robots are software-controlled robots designed to perform a specific, hard-coded sequence of operations.
Second-generation robots are "sensitive" robots designed to to work with objects of arbitrary shape, perform assembly operations, and collect information about the external environment using a large number of sensors.
Robots of the third generation are so-called intelligent, or intelligent, robots designed to reproduce human physical and motor functions, to solve intellectual tasks.
Recently, the work has been widely used in medicine, models of surgical robots are being developed. Industrial robots perform the following tasks: sorting, moving goods, performing welding work. When conducting underwater surveys of dangerous objects, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations uses underwater robots called "Gnome".
Combat robots are telepresence devices, but few models are already capable of performing tasks without a human. Russian scientists have developed a chess player robot that was able to beat famous grandmasters. The works are widely used in education — the Japanese humanoid can communicate in different languages, give tasks, change facial expressions. Humans constantly monitor robots and determine what and how they will do.
Construction robotics, as its name implies, is related to the field of construction. That is, work is underway on the development of robots that can be used both in the construction of various facilities and, interestingly, in their destruction. The complexity of both of these processes is high, and the manufacturability of each operation of the construction process should be at the proper level. Therefore, the use of robots in this area will help to comply with established technical standards and requirements and can also help to eliminate mistakes made due to the human factor as much as possible.
Industrial robots are already actively used in factories, in the production of toys, kettles, motorcycles, sweets, as well as in the production of really complex products, for example, cars. Robots can cook metal, stamp, and assemble finished products without human help, all thanks to special designs and programs that define the functionality of each robot. In other words, namely in scientific words, such devices are designed to automate production — the manufacture of something without human help.
Robots for use in households, including personal robots, are usually highly specialized — each for one type of activity. In the future, we can expect the emergence of multifunctional, universal robots capable of performing various types of activities. The slang name is "housekeepers". They differ in a variety of types, depending on the purpose. They can be: assistants for the elderly, butlers, kitchen workers, security guards, etc.
At the moment, the demand for smart homes is increasing, they allow you to quickly reconfigure the same room in accordance with current tasks in real time. Electric drives, obeying the programmed program or pressing buttons in the application, pull beds or tables out of the depths of the robo-complex, adjust the configuration of cabinets and shelves. And in a robotic house, even the partitions between the rooms can move as the owner needs now. Both in manual mode and automatically, for example, in such a house, the curtains will open just when the owner gets up, and at the same time, for example, the coffee maker will turn on.
The main goal of the development of medical robotics is high accuracy and increasing the effectiveness of treatment, reducing the risks of harm to human health. Currently, robots play a huge role in the development of modern medicine. They contribute to accurate work during operations, help to diagnose and make the correct diagnosis. They replace missing limbs and organs, restore and improve a person's physical capabilities, reduce the time for hospitalization, provide convenience, responsiveness and comfort, and save financial costs for maintenance. Here are some robots used in medicine: surgical robots, robotic prostheses, nanorobots and many other medical robots.
Aviation does not lag behind other spheres of human activity in terms of robotics. Nowadays, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are very popular. A UAV is an unmanned aerial vehicle for military purposes, a type of military robot. The task of these autonomous systems created for flight is to carry out missions that are potentially dangerous to humans.
The group of military robots includes all kinds of unmanned reconnaissance vehicles, mining and mine clearance machines. Even a real medical robot has been developed. This robot is called Bloodhound, and it is designed to help the wounded, who cannot be approached by doctors due to heavy fire from the enemy. Bloodhound is equipped with video cameras, a radio station with a microphone and speakers, as well as a stethoscope. All these elements of the robot allow doctors to remotely control it, conduct an initial examination of the wounded and even talk to him. After diagnosis, Bloodhound can stop the bleeding (for example, put a bandage on the wound) and give an injection that will allow the injured person to wait for evacuation. Thanks to such robots, a huge number of human lives can be saved.
In 2004, Russian engineers created a robot capable of detecting and defusing explosive devices. Such a robot is able to penetrate and deliver surveillance and reconnaissance equipment to hard-to-reach areas, as well as inspect suspicious objects and, if necessary, transport them to their destination or mine clearance. The robot can work individually or in a group of the same machines.
Spacebots are robots adapted to work in outer space. The advantage of space robots over humans is that they can work in extremely adverse conditions and do without any resources, since in most cases they are powered by solar panels. It will also be much easier to survive the loss of such a robot than the death of an astronaut. Usually, the task of a space robot is to conduct some kind of scientific activity. Actually, an ordinary robot working on the earth's surface can do the same, but there are several basic requirements for a space robot that it must meet.
The depths of the sea are increasingly being mastered by man. But they bring with them not only acquisitions, but also a very great danger. Therefore, over time, people will give up the aquatic world to robots. The underwater robots used nowadays are too bulky and clumsy. They are built on the model of land-based ones and therefore spend an unjustifiably much effort to overcome the resistance of water. Of course, they helped us out more than once. They explored the sunken ferry Estonia in the Baltic Sea, and the legendary Titanic in the Atlantic. These guys take soil samples from the seabed, explore oil fields, check the condition of dams and carry out rescue work. Currently, scientists are seriously studying the structure and mode of movement of the inhabitants of the deep sea. Based on these studies, they are going to create "biobots" — robots created in the likeness of "any floating creature."

Finally, in modern life, people already use robots in all areas of their activities. For the most part, robots are irreplaceable assistants, but increasingly they are used where a person could cope without much difficulty. Thanks to his intellect, man developed science and was able to create robotics, but because of his laziness, he increasingly seeks to replace his work with robots. But even this is not enough for a person, now a person is trying to create artificial intelligence for his robots. With artificial intelligence, robots will be able to independently assess what is happening around them and make decisions on the actions they need to take. A person will no longer need to spend time and effort on submitting the necessary commands and algorithms. But this state of affairs can lead to the degradation of humanity, and possibly the extinction of a species from the face of the earth. It is quite possible that the great achievements of the human mind and human laziness can turn against the person himself.

-----

Robotics, a rapidly advancing field, integrates engineering and AI to design robots that automate tasks, perform complex operations, and assist daily life. Globally, 1.8 million robots are in use, with South Korea, Singapore, and Japan leading.

A term "robot" was introduced by Karel Čapek. It is an automated device simulating human actions. The concept of "robotics" belongs to Isaac Asimov, in 1942 he formulated the Three Laws of Robotics to ensure safety. Rooted in electronics, mechanics, and programming, robotics spans industries like construction, aviation, medicine and etc, emphasizing a human-friendly approach in its design and use.

The history of robotics spans centuries. Ancient civilizations like Egypt and Babylon experimented with automata, such as statues with moving parts powered by water or steam. In the Middle Ages, clockwork mechanisms flourished, and inventors, for example Leonardo da Vinci, conceptualized mechanical humanoids. By the 18th century, Jacques de Vaucanson built lifelike androids capable of playing musical instruments, showcasing the era's ingenuity. One of the very first industrial manipulators was a rotary mechanism with a gripper device for removing workpieces from the furnace, developed in the USA by Babbitt in the 1892. In the 20th century George Devol and Joseph Engelberger pioneered industrial manipulators which were flexible and precise. Alan Turing’s concept of a computational machine laid the groundwork for modern robotics. The introduction of programmable industrial robots in 1959 revolutionized manufacturing.
Robotics has since become an integral part of various industries, from space exploration and medicine to everyday automation. Today, robotics continues to advance rapidly, blending computing, cybernetics, and AI to address modern societal needs.

Robots come in various designs and serve diverse purposes, from simplifying human tasks to providing entertainment. They are categorized into three generations: basic, sensor-equipped, and intelligent robots, capable of solving complex tasks.
Robots have revolutionized industries, including construction, where they build structures, and medicine, where they perform surgeries an aid diagnoses. In households, robotic assistants and smart homes are transforming everyday life, making it more convenient and efficient.
The military employs robots for reconnaissance, bomb disposal, and even medical assistance. Meanwhile, space and underwater robots explore environments inhospitable to humans, conducting scientific research and ensuring safety.

Robots are integral to modern life, assisting in various tasks and increasingly replacing human effort. While artificial intelligence enables robots to make independent decisions, this advancement raises concerns about humanity's dependency, potential degradation, and ethical challenges. The achievements of human intellect must be balanced with responsibility to ensure technology serves humanity without unintended consequences.