air pollution

The detailed information on contributions from various factors
to street-level PM2.5 and NOx concentrations can be useful for
developing policies to mitigate street-level air pollution. For
instance, our models and previous studies revealed that non-local
pollution from the PRD region and beyond was the dominant
contributing factor to both PM2.5 and NOx in Hong Kong. Hong Kong
should therefore cooperate with the Guangdong province of
mainland China to control the regional air pollution, especially
transboundary air pollution. Regarding local emissions, even
though the Hong Kong government has already taken a series of
measures such as phasing out Pre-Euro IV diesel commercial ve-
hicles (HKEPD, 2018), more effort is still needed to solve roadside
air pollution in Hong Kong. According to our results, controlling
emissions of private cars should be of high priority to reduce street-
level PM2.5 and NOx concentration. To further reduce roadside air
pollution, controlling emissions of non-franchised buses and light
goods vehicles are critical for PM2.5, whereas controlling emissions
of public light buses, non-franchised buses and taxi are crucial for
NOx. Moreover, a comprehensive study should be conducted to
evaluate the effectiveness of various emission control policies and
interventions

The air pollutant of greatest concern for human health is fine particulate matter. This has a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less, also known as PM2.5. These fine particles are invisible to the human eye and 40 times smaller than the width of a human hair. They can do a lot of damage to our bodies. These particles are small enough to penetrate deep into our lungs, where they cause inflammation of sensitive lung tissue and can pass into the bloodstream, affecting organs like the heart and brain.

Air pollution causes both acute disease and chronic disease. There is strong evidence linking long-term exposure to air pollution with an increased risk for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung and upper aerodigestive cancers, adverse pregnancy outcomes (i.e., low-birth rate, pre-term births, and reduced birth weight (babies born weighing less than five pounds), diabetes and cataracts.

This following information was given by the Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Anil Madhav Dave, in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha (July 19, 2016).

The major steps being taken by the Government to control pollution inter alia include the following:-

Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards;
Formulation of environmental regulations / statutes;
Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality;
Introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG etc.), ethanol blend etc.;
Promotion of cleaner production processes.
Launching of National Air Quality index by the Prime Minister in April, 2015;
Implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) norms in 63 selected cities and universalization of BS-IV by 2017;
Decision taken to leapfrog directly from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards by 1st April, 2020;
Taxing polluting vehicles and incentivizing hybrid and electric vehicles;
Comprehensive amendments to various Waste Management Rules including Municipal Solid Waste, Plastic Waste, Hazardous Waste, Bio-medical Waste and Electronic Waste notified;
Notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules;
Ban on burning of leaves, biomass, municipal solid waste;
Promotion of public transport network of metro, buses, e-rickshaws and promotion of car pooling, Pollution Under Control, lane discipline, vehicle maintenance;
Revision of existing environmental standards and formulation of new standards for prevention and control of pollution from industries;
Regular co-ordination meetings at official and ministerial level with Delhi and other State Governments within the NCR;
Issuance of directions under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and under Section 18(1)(b) of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981;
Installation of on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices by major industries.
Preparation of action plan for sewage management and restoration of water quality in aquatic resources by State Governments;
Implementation of National River Conservation Plan for abatement of pollution in identified stretches of various rivers and undertaking conservation activities which inter-alia include interception & diversion of raw sewage, construction of sewerage systems, setting up of sewage treatment plants, low cost sanitation facilities, education and awareness creation, community participation, electric/improved wood crematoria and river front development.
Delhi Government while formulating the Master Plan of Delhi 2001 had categorized all hazardous/ noxious/ heavy and large industries into H category for the purpose of stopping and shifting the identified industries out of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. There is no standard categorization of industries under H category from pollution perspective. The Central Pollution Control Board has categorized the industries into Red, Orange, Green and White category based on the composite scores which is calculated on the basis of air pollution, water pollution score and hazardous waste generation. As per this classification, Red category covers 60 industrial sectors, Orange category covers 83 industrial sectors, Green category covers 63 industrial sectors and the newly introduced, White category covers 36 industrial sectors. CPCB had issued directions under section 18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 to all State Pollution Control Boards / Pollution Control Committees (SPCBs / PCCs) on 07.03.2016 to harmonize the criteria of classification of industries.

And the following are some steps taken by the government and supreme court to control the air pollution in New Delhi(considered the most polluted city in the world) :-

(report - Dec 2015)

The Delhi government has proposed the odd/even rule wherein cars with odd-numbered registration plates would ply on odd dates and those with even-numbered registration plates would do so on even dates. The idea is to reduce congestion as well as to reduce pollution resulting from vehicular emissions.
The Supreme Court has also banned the registration of luxury SUVs and diesel cars above 2000cc in the national capital. Diesel cars are believed to be a major source of vehicular emissions. A bench headed by the Chief Justice had noted that it was not fair for rich people to buy luxury cars and thus pollute Delhi.
The top court has asked the Centre to supply the Delhi traffic police with proper masks. The court noted that the policemen, who stand for long hours at traffic signals, should be supplied with masks so that their health is not compromised.
The green cess on commercial vehicles entering Delhi has been hiked by the top court by a whopping 100 per cent. The SC-appointed Environment Pollution Control Authority has directed the Delhi government to install boards notifying the new cess in 125 toll booths across Delhi.
The top court has ordered that all taxis plying in the city must convert to CNG from March next year(i.e, march 2016). Also, commercial vehicles which are registered before 2005 won’t be allowed to enter the national capital.
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has issued directions to all authorities to strictly implement earlier orders regarding the ban on burning of waste and fine on emission of construction dust. The bench called for an action taken report as well as a “list of offenders” from all authorities on the next date of hearing.
The NGT has asked the central and state government not to buy diesel vehicles for its personnel. It also asked public administration departments and municipal bodies to take efforts to gradually phase out diesel vehicles.
In a separate order, the NGT directed the state governments of Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to immediately ban the burning of crop residue. In earlier orders, the NGT had noted that the practice was contributing to the rising air pollution in the NCR.
To give alternative modes of transport to people during the odd-even rule, the government said it would add 1,000 more buses in three months. Also, 9,000 CNG contract carriages will be roped into Delhi to augment public transport.
The Delhi government has imposed an environment compensation penalty of Rs 50,000 on 38 major projects across the city for causing dust pollution. Officials said notices have been sent to all the projects. While a few of the projects have replied asking for ‘reconsideration’ of the compensation fee, 26 of them are yet to file their replies.


Current smog situation is 2 year old story, where Rajsthan, UP, Haryana, Punjab began crop burning. Something caused by not cutting crop from roots, and rather using machine than 1.5–2 feet residual. Delhi’s contribution to smog situation in negligible compared to crop burning.

Odd Even - to clear breathable air & lesser air intake at roads.
Reducing DTC bused fare, so that people use public transportation.
Fought against metro fare hike for same reason
Arranging water sprinkle on tree using fire fighters.. ao tree can generate oxygen
Requested other state causing trouble to meet atleast once to find solution. CMs are responding like AK is asking some donation & never responded.
All PWD roads are vacuum cleaned, other roads are under MCD, cannot help.
IN 2016, banned older truck to enter in same duration and assured diesel cars are no longer registered ( they cause more pollution)
Subsidy on solar equipment
Incentive on electric vehicle
Stopped construction for temporary period and enforced PWD work to follow strict construction rules.
Religiously fighting with BJP central government & MCD government to allow purchasing of CNG Buses, since Delhi government do not have/own parking space.
Requested Central government for artificial rains.
Sprinkle water using helicopter and fire fighting units
Attempting with central government for further incentive to convert public transport into electric based vehicles.
Cannot think of any precaution that he could have taken & did not do. Remember shameless BJP govt has not passed single Bill from last 2.5 years. and neither police help AAP in implementation of act. AK cannot transfer even a 4th class employee. Now try to find one thing AK could have done & didn't do.


Pollution is a matter of concern in cities and towns and is caused due to introduction of contaminants into the environment viz. air, water and soil that may cause adverse change in ambient conditions. The Government has taken a series of steps to address issues related to water pollution, air & vehicular pollution, industrial pollution, improper waste disposal etc. in cities, towns and metropolises. The major steps being taken by the Government to control pollution inter alia include the following:- .
.

(i) Notification of National Ambient Air Quality Standards; .

.

(ii) Formulation of environmental regulations / statutes; .

.

(iii) Setting up of monitoring network for assessment of ambient air quality; .

.

(iv) Introduction of cleaner / alternate fuels like gaseous fuel (CNG, LPG etc.), ethanol blend etc.; .

.

(v) Promotion of cleaner production processes. .

.

(vi) Launching of National Air Quality index by the Prime Minister in April, 2015; .

.

(vii) Implementation of Bharat Stage IV (BS-IV) norms in 63 selected cities and universalization of BS-IV by 2017; .

.

(viii) Decision taken to leapfrog directly from BS-IV to BS-VI fuel standards by 1st April, 2020; .

.

(ix) Taxing polluting vehicles and incentivizing hybrid and electric vehicles; .

.

(x) Comprehensive amendments to various Waste Management Rules including Municipal Solid Waste, Plastic Waste, Hazardous Waste, Bio-medical Waste and Electronic Waste notified; .

.

(xi) Notification of Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules; .

.

(xii) Ban on burning of leaves, biomass, municipal solid waste; .

.

(xiii) Promotion of public transport network of metro, buses, e-rickshaws and promotion of car pooling, Pollution Under Control, lane discipline, vehicle maintenance; .

.

(xiv) Revision of existing environmental standards and formulation of new standards for prevention and control of pollution from industries; .

.

(xv) Regular co-ordination meetings at official and ministerial level with Delhi and other State Governments within the NCR; .

.

(xvi) Issuance of directions under Section 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and under Section 18(1)(b) of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; .

.

(xvii) Installation of on-line continuous (24x7) monitoring devices by major industries. .

.

(xviii) Preparation of action plan for sewage management and restoration of water quality in aquatic resources by State Governments; .

.

(xix) Implementation of National River Conservation Plan for abatement of pollution in identified stretches of various rivers and undertaking conservation activities which inter-alia include interception & diversion of raw sewage, construction of sewerage systems, setting up of sewage treatment plants, low cost sanitation facilities, education and awareness creation, community participation, electric/improved wood crematoria and river front development. .

.

Delhi Government while formulating the Master Plan of Delhi 2001 had categorized all hazardous/ noxious/ heavy and large industries into H category for the purpose of stopping and shifting the identified industries out of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. There is no standard categorization of industries under H category from pollution perspective. The Central Pollution Control Board has categorized the industries into Red, Orange, Green and White category based on the composite scores which is calculated on the basis of air pollution, water pollution score and hazardous waste generation. As per this classification, Red category covers 60 industrial sectors, Orange category covers 83 industrial sectors, Green category covers 63 industrial sectors and the newly introduced, White category covers 36 industrial sectors. CPCB had issued directions under section 18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 to all State Pollution Control Boards / Pollution Control Committees (SPCBs / PCCs) on 07.03.2016 to harmonize the criteria of classification of industries. .

.

This information was given by the Minister of State (Independent Charge) of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Shri Anil Madhav Dave, in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha today. .


 These particles are very tiny and their damage to human
health is high. In this study, PM2.5 and PM10 are used as pollutants to predict air pollution. Hence,
air-pollution prediction is becoming one of the managerial solutions to prevent and/or mitigate its
destructive implications. Therefore, it seems necessary to predict PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants using the
appropriate methods

puting. Nevertheless, the
applications of AI/ML to simulate complex atmospheric chemistry remain still limited. Considering the scientific
and societal implications, lack of measurements, and limitations of conventional models over Himalayan region,
the objectives of this study are as follows:
(1)  To explore the potential of ML modeling for simulating urban  O 3  variability.
(2)  To study the effects of meteorological and chemical variables on model performance.
(3)  To assess the effect of the data fraction used in the training on model performance.

In terms of implications, the HSA-Net model is not limited to be
applied in ozone prediction and is readily applicable to general
cleaner production research, such as the forecast of carbon emis-
sions and renewable energy (e.g. solar energy). In addition, this
model could also assist environmental researchers to further
improve the technologies of carbon capture and storage, and serve
as tools for environmental policymakers to implement related
policies. One limitation of this research is that the dataset only
contains 17-month temporal series and 35-station spatial areas.
Longer time spans and broader target regions can assist us to obtain
more accurate prediction results and deeper insights. Future
studies could consider the implications of the proposed model to-
wards the prediction of carbon emissions and renewable energy,
and the performance comparison among the HSA-Net model and
widely-used machine learning methods in these topics.

To answer these research questions and achieve the study ’ s aim, the following objectives were pursued:
1.  To investigate the efficacy of machine learning techniques in predicting air pollution.
2.  To examine the different spatial techniques used for air pollution modelling in literature
3.  To determine the effect of climate change in future air pollution prediction
4.  To explore and recommend sustainable approaches for air pollution management