Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 15

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-=brain: human brain, cerebellum, brain stem, and cerebral ventricles=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=cognitive science=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
the interdisciplinary scientific investigation of the mind and intelligence. It encompasses the ideas and methods of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), neuroscience (see neurology), and anthropology. The term cognition, as used by cognitive ...

-=neuron=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=cell: typical cells=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=C++(Article)=- Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
high-level computer programming language. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Laboratories in the early 1980s, it is based on the traditional C language but with added object-oriented programming and other capabilities. C++, along with Java, has become popular for developing commercial software ...

-=C(Article)=- Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by American computer scientist Dennis M. Ritchie at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T Bell Laboratories). C was designed as a minimalist language to be used in writing operating systems for minicomputers, such as the DEC PDP 7, which had ...

-=nihilism=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
(from Latin nihil, “nothing”), a philosophy of skepticism that originated in 19th-century Russia during the early years of the reign of Alexander II. The term is an old one, applied to certain heretics in the Middle Ages. In Russian literature nihilism was probably first used by N.I. Nadezhdin in ...

-=solipsism=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
in philosophy, an extreme form of subjective idealism that denies that the human mind has any valid ground for believing in the existence of anything but itself. The British idealist F.H. Bradley, in Appearance and Reality (1893), characterized the solipsistic view as follows:I cannot transcend ...

-=logic=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
the study of correct reasoning, especially as it involves the drawing of inferences.

-=geometry=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
the branch of mathematics concerned with the shape of individual objects, spatial relationships among various objects, and the properties of surrounding space. It is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, having arisen in response to such practical problems as those found in surveying, and its ...

-=algebra, modern=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
also called abstract algebra branch of mathematics concerned with the general algebraic structure of various sets (such as real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, and vector spaces), rather than rules and procedures for manipulating their individual elements.

-=algebra, linear=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
mathematical discipline that deals with vectors and matrices and, more generally, with vector spaces and linear transformations. Unlike other parts of mathematics that are frequently invigorated by new ideas and unsolved problems, linear algebra is very well understood. Its value lies in its many ...

-=algebra=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
branch of mathematics in which arithmetical operations and formal manipulations are applied to abstract symbols rather than specific numbers. The notion that there exists such a distinct subdiscipline of mathematics, as well as the term algebra to denote it, resulted from a slow historical ...

-=geometry: acute and obtuse angle=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=reflex angle=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=internal-combustion engine=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
any of a group of devices in which the reactants of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion serve as the working fluids of the engine. Such an engine gains its energy from heat released during the combustion of the nonreacted working fluids, the oxidizer-fuel mixture. This ...

-=air-conditioning=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
the control of temperature, humidity, purity, and motion of air in an enclosed space, independent of outside conditions.

-=Nevada=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
constituent state of the United States of America. It borders Oregon and Idaho to the north, Utah to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and California to the west. It is the seventh largest of the 50 states. It also, however, is one of the most sparsely settled. Carson City, in the western part of ...

-=book: parts of a case-bound book=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=Notes from the Underground=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
novella by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, first published in Russian as Zapiski iz podpolya in 1864. The work, which includes extremely misanthropic passages, contains the seeds of nearly all of the moral, religious, political, and social concerns that appear in Dostoyevsky's great novels.

-=Fyodor Dostoyevsky=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
in full Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky , Dostoyevsky also spelled Dostoevsky Russian novelist and short-story writer whose psychological penetration into the darkest recesses of the human heart, together with his unsurpassed moments of illumination, had an immense influence on 20th-century fiction.

-=Crime and Punishment(=- Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, published in 1866 as Prestupleniye i nakazaniye. Dostoyevsky's first masterpiece, the novel is a psychological analysis of the poor student Raskolnikov, whose theory that humanitarian ends justify evil means leads him to murder a St. Petersburg pawnbroker. The act ...

-=computer virus=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
a portion of a program code that has been designed to furtively copy itself into other such codes or computer files. It is usually created by a prankster or vandal to effect a nonutilitarian result or to destroy data and program code.

-=computer network=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
also called Network,  two or more computers that are connected with one another for the purpose of communicating data electronically. Besides physically connecting computer and communication devices, a network system serves the important function of establishing a cohesive architecture that allows a variety of ...

-=object-oriented programming=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
use of predefined programming modular units (objects, classes, subclasses, and so forth) in order to make programming faster and easier to maintain. Object-oriented languages help to manage complexity in large programs. Objects package data and the operations on them so that only the operations are ...

-=Mortal Kombat=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
video game series in the fighting genre created by the Midway Manufacturing Company of the United States. Mortal Kombat debuted as a two-dimensional arcade game in 1992 and went on to become one of the most popular video games in the 1990s. The original arcade game spawned many sequels and ...

-=Street Fighter=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
electronic fighting game series, originally released as an arcade game in 1987 by the Japanese game manufacturer Capcom Company. The popular arcade game gave rise to an entire genre of fighting games and spawned a multitude of sequels and spin-offs.

-=God of War=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
electronic action-adventure game, released by the Sony Corporation in 2005. Viewed by many as one of the all-time great titles for Sony's PlayStation 2 video-game console, God of War attracted players and impressed critics with stunning visuals, a strong story, and exciting game play.

-=Greek religion=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself; the nearest terms ...

-=God and the universe=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
God and the universe
Whatever may have been the influence of Classical philosophy on the Abrahamic religions, they have not, in general, accepted the Greek idea of the eternity of matter but have stressed the contingency of the universe as the free creation of God. It has been argued, most notably and influentially by ...

-=“God Save the King”=- (Multimedia)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=ancient Rome=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
the state centred on the city of Rome. This article discusses the period from the founding of the city and the regal period, which began in 753 BC, through the events leading to the founding of the republic in 509 BC, the establishment of the empire in 27 BC, and the final eclipse of the Empire of ...

-=Ancient Greece & Rome -censorship=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
Ancient Greece and Rome
It was taken for granted in the Greek communities of antiquity, as well as in Rome, that citizens would be formed in accordance with the character and needs of the regime. This did not preclude the emergence of strong-minded men and women, as may be seen in the stories of Homer, of Plutarch, of ...

-=Sri Lanka: location=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=USA PATRIOT Act=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
also called PATRIOT Act,  in full Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 U.S. legislation, passed by Congress in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush in October 2001, that significantly expanded the search and surveillance powers of federal law-enforcement and intelligence agencies. The USA PATRIOT Act, as ...

-=war on terrorism=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]
The scope of the war on terrorism
The war on terrorism is a multidimensional campaign of almost limitless scope. Its military dimension has involved major wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, covert operations in Yemen and elsewhere, large-scale military-assistance programs for cooperative regimes, and major increases in military ...

-=Civil Rights Act; Johnson, Lyndon B.=- (Multimedia)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=United States=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 3, 2021]

-=laser: basic components=- (Image)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 4, 2021]

-=language=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 10, 2021]
Grammar
Another component of language structure is grammar. There is more to language than sounds, and words are not to be regarded as merely sequences of syllables. The concept of the word is a grammatical concept; in speech, words are not separated by pauses, but they are recognized as recurrent units ...

-=linguistics=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
the scientific study of language. The word was first used in the middle of the 19th century to emphasize the difference between a newer approach to the study of language that was then developing and the more traditional approach of philology. The differences were and are largely matters of ...

-=phonetics=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
Linguistic phonetics
Phonetics is part of linguistics in that one of the main aims of phonetics is to determine the categories that can be used in explanatory description of languages. One way of looking at the grammar of a language is to consider it to be a set of statements that explains the relation between the ...

-=English language=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
Descriptions of English grammar

-=grammar=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
Modern and contemporary grammars
By 1700 grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were written primarily for purposes of reforming, purifying, or standardizing language and were put to pedagogical use. Rules of grammar usually accounted for formal, written, literary language only and did not apply to all the ...

-=mathematics=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation, and its development has involved an increasing degree of idealization and abstraction ...

-=mathematics, philosophy of=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
branch of philosophy that is concerned with two major questions: one concerning the meanings of ordinary mathematical sentences and the other concerning the issue of whether abstract objects exist. The first is a straightforward question of interpretation: What is the best way to interpret standard ...

-=computer programming language=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer. Such instructions can be executed directly when they are in the computer manufacturer-specific numerical form known as machine language, after a simple substitution process when expressed in a ...

-=systems programming=- (Article)Show/HideGo To
[Added June 24, 2021]
Development of computer software that is part of a computer operating system or other control program, especially as used in computer networks. Systems programming covers data and program management, including operating systems, control programs, network software, and database management systems.