DNA-weapons-biological-chemical fassilities for production a

¤--> Stepnagorsk Scientific and Technical Institute for Microbiology, Stepnogorsk, northern Kazakhstan
In use	1982-Present
 also known as the Scientific Experimental and Production Base, was one of the premier biological warfare facilities operated by the Soviet Union. It was the only Biopreparat facility to be built outside of Russia proper, and one of the few ever visited officially by Western experts. Currently, the site conducts civilian biological research, overseen by director Vladimir Bugreyev. The United States Department of State and the U.S. Civilian Research & Development Foundation now provide significant funds supporting civilian research at Stepnogorsk.
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/stepnogorsk.htm
 (ISBN 978-0-684-87158-5.
 Miller   Judith; Engelberg  Stephen; and Broad  William.
 Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 2002.
 https://books.google.com/books?id=RBb8ss3GG1MC&pg=PA63&dq=nixon+biological+weapons+ban&client=firefox-a#PPA63,M1
 )

¤--> Vector State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology (VECTOR), a weaponized smallpox center
 , also known as the Vector Institute, is a biological research center in Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia. It is roughly analogous to both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command. It has research facilities and capabilities for all levels of Biological Hazard, CDC Levels 1-4. It is one of two official repositories for the now-eradicated smallpox virus, and is part of the system of laboratories known as the Biopreparat.
 // ( The other repository is the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States. The CDC is a United States federal agency under the Department of Health and Human Service

Recently  the facility has been upgraded and secured using modern cameras, motion sensors, fences, and biohazard containment systems.[citation needed] Its relative seclusion makes security an easier task. Since its inception there has been an army regiment guarding the facility.
The facility has, at least in Soviet times, been a nexus for biological warfare research (see Soviet biological weapons program), though the nature of any ongoing research in this area is uncertain.

Nellis, Kathy (26 October 2007). "Smallpox Eradication Memories and Milestones". The Global Health Chronicles
http://globalhealthchronicles.org/items/show/3022

 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/17/blast-sparks-fire-at-russian-laboratory-housing-smallpox-virus
 https://slate.com/technology/2014/07/vector-institute-in-novosibirsk-siberia-where-russia-stores-its-smallpox.html
 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/17/blast-sparks-fire-at-russian-laboratory-housing-smallpox-virus




¤--> Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations, Leningrad, a weaponized plague center

Vladimir Artemovich Pasechnik (12 October 1937 Stalingrad, USSR – 21 November 2001, Wiltshire, England) was a senior Soviet biologist and bioweaponeer who defected to the United Kingdom in 1989, alerting Western intelligence to the vast scope of Moscow's clandestine biological warfare (BW) program, known as Biopreparat. His revelations that the program was ten times larger than previously suspected were confirmed in 1992 with the defection to the United States of Colonel Kanatjan Alibekov, the No. 2 scientist for the program

age of 37, Pasechnik was invited by a general from the Soviet Ministry of Defence to start his own biotechnology institute in Leningrad and he was given "an unlimited budget" to buy equipment in the West and recruit the best staff available. The laboratory he created was in reality part of the countrywide Biopreparat program. Known as the Institute of Ultra Pure Biochemical Preparations, it was to work on a strain of plague. The laboratory actually began operating in 1981, and over the next two years Pasechnik realized that, far from running a civilian research operation dedicated to vaccine development, as he had been promised, he had become part of a vast network of laboratories and factories involved in a massive BW program. According to Pasechnik, the Institute, which had a staff of about 400, did research on modifying cruise missiles to spread the plague. The weapons system was to operate by flying low to avoid early-warning systems and use robot craft to spray clouds of aerosolized pathogens over unsuspecting enemies. The team succeeded in producing an aerosolized version of the plague microbe that could survive outside a lab. This version of the organism was genetically-engineered to be resistant to antibiotics.

early 1993, the British government permitted Pasechnik to speak publicly. The next year, writer James Adams told Pasechnik's story in a book, The New Spies. Pasechnik lived in Wiltshire and worked at the UK Department of Health's centre for applied microbiological research at Porton Down, before forming Regma Biotechnologies, which is involved in research into tuberculosis and other drug resistant infections.

Pasechnik died of a stroke in 2001 in Salisbury. He was survived by his wife, Natasha, a daughter and two sons. According to one of his sons, Nikita, he was always expecting the KGB (or the later FSB) to deal with him

Saxon, Wolfgang, “V. Pasechnik, 64, Is Dead; Germ Expert Who Defected” [Obituary], The New York Times
https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F01E4D9153AF930A15752C1A9679C8B63

Bannerman, Lucy (12 March 2018). "Sergei Skripal: Salisbury's other spy lived in fear of KGB revenge". The Times
https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/city-s-other-spy-lived-in-fear-of-kgb-revenge-fhkwhnvbp

"Vladimir Pasechnik" (Obituary), Telegraph.co.uk, 29 Nov 2001
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1363752/Vladimir-Pasechnik.html


¤-->  Sverdlovsk bioweapons production facility (Military Compound 19), Sverdlovsk, a weaponized anthrax center
On 2 April 1979, spores of anthrax were accidentally released from a Soviet military research facility near the city of Sverdlovsk, Russia (now Yekaterinburg). The ensuing outbreak of the disease resulted in approximately 100 deaths, although the exact number of victims remains unknown. The cause of the outbreak was denied for years by the Soviet authorities, which blamed the deaths on consumption of tainted meat from the area, and subcutaneous exposure due to butchers handling the tainted meat. All medical records of the victims were removed to hide serious violations of the Biological Weapons Convention. The accident is sometimes referred to as "biological Chernobyl"

The closed city of Sverdlovsk had been a major production center of the Soviet military-industrial complex since World War II. It produced tanks, nuclear rockets and other armaments. A major nuclear accident happened in this region in 1957, when a nuclear waste facility exploded (known as the Kyshtym disaster), resulting in the spread of radioactive dust over a thousand square kilometers. The biological weapons facility in Sverdlovsk was built after World War II, using documentation captured in Manchuria from the Japanese germ warfare program.[1]

The strain of anthrax produced in the Military Compound 19 [ru] on the southern edge of Sverdlovsk was the most powerful in the Soviet arsenal ("Anthrax 836"). It had been isolated as a result of another anthrax leak accident that happened in 1953 in the city of Kirov. A leak from a bacteriological facility contaminated the city sewer system. In 1956, biologist Vladimir Sizov found a more virulent strain in rodents captured in this area. This strain was planned to be used to arm warheads for the SS-18 ICBM, which would target American cities, among other targets

Russian Prime Minister Yegor Gaidar issued a decree to begin demilitarization of Compound 19 in 1992. However, the facility continued its work.  Not a single journalist has been allowed onto the premises since 1992. About 200 soldiers with Rottweiler dogs still patrol the complex. Classified activities were moved underground, and several new laboratories have been constructed and equipped to work with highly dangerous pathogens.  One of their current subjects is reportedly Bacillus anthracis strain H-4. Its virulence and antibiotic resistance have been dramatically increased using genetic engineering

 Meselson Matthew, [Discussions in Moscow Regarding Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak](https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BBGLPJ.pdf), 25 September 1986

 "Interview [with Dr.] Matthew Meselson". WGBH educational foundation (Public Broadcasting Service)
 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/interviews/meselson.html

 http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/13928/title/Matthew-Meselson/
 Peg Brickley (8 March 2002). "Matthew S. Meselson waited quietly in the car while female associates handled the delicate work of questioning families of people who had died of anthrax. The scientist had charmed, wrangled, and nagged politicians on two continents from 1979 to 1992 for permission to probe a strange outbreak of the disease in the Soviet city of Sverdlovsk 1979. But just days before Meselson boarded a plane for Moscow to conduct the interviews ..." The Scientist. LabX Media Group, Ontario.

 Meselson M, Guillemin J, Hugh-Jones M, et al. (November 1994). "The Sverdlovsk anthrax outbreak of 1979"
 https://www.webcitation.org/6YE4f1fgB?url=http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/documents/library/Sverdlovsk.pdf

 Shoham D, Wolfson Z (2004). "The Russian biological weapons program: vanished or disappeared?". Crit. Rev. Microbiol
 https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408410490468812

 Cook, Robin (1 March 1999). Vector. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 122. ISBN 9781101203736.
 https://books.google.com/books?id=GZJbQnhhSNMC&pg=PT122

 Bear, Greg (1 April 2014). Quantico.
 Open Road Media Mystery & Thriller.
 ISBN 9781497607323. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
 https://books.google.com/books?id=rq0fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT146

  Preston, Richard (10 April 2007). The Cobra Event: A Novel. Random House Publishing Group. p. 292. ISBN 9780345498137.
  https://books.google.com/books?id=zOyPzT5CmqkC&pg=PA292


 Vozrozhdeniya Island bioweapons testing site, Aral Sea
  Vozrojdeniye oroli) was an island in the Aral Sea. The former island's territory is split between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In 1954, the Soviet Union constructed a biological weapons test site called Aralsk-7 there and on the neighboring Komsomolskiy Island, which also no longer exists
   in the final days of its existence in mid-2001, becoming a peninsula when the South Aral Sea dried up enough that the island joined the mainland

   In the 1920s, leaders of the Red Army were searching for an appropriate place to build a science and military complex for inventing, producing, and testing bioweapons.[6] The potential of bioweapons to quickly and cheaply kill large numbers of people was considered beneficial to the leaders' goal

    In 1954, the site was expanded and named Aralsk-7, one of the main laboratories and testing sites for the Soviet Union's Microbiological Warfare Group tasked with inventing and testing the effects of multiple fatal diseases

	In 1971, an accidental release of weaponized smallpox from the island infected ten people, of whom three died. In the 1990s, word of the island's danger was spread by Soviet defectors, including Ken Alibek, the former head of the Soviet Union's bioweapons program.  According to released documents, anthrax spores and bubonic plague bacilli were made into weapons and stored at the complex.

	Hoffman, David (2009). The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy. Random House.  ISBN 9780385524377.
	https://books.google.com/books?id=JQGHqScEFtoC&pg=PA460

	Chalker, Dennis & Dockery, Kevin (2006). The Home Team: Weapons Grade. New York City: Avon Books.

	After the Soviet Union dissolved, the idea of mass destruction lost its relevance
	(!)
	//issue is soviet unionis not planned to stay gone..
	 Many of the containers holding biological agents were not properly stored or destroyed, and over the last decade many of these containers have developed leaks.
In 2002, through a project organized and funded by the United States with the assistance of Uzbekistan, ten anthrax burial sites were decontaminated

	Dembek, Zygmunt F., Julie A. Pavlin, and Mark G. Kortepeter (2007), "Epidemiology of Biowarfare and Bioterrorism", Chapter 3 of: Dembek, Zygmunt F. (2007), Medical Aspects of Biological Warfare, (Series: Textbooks of Military Medicine), Washington, DC: The Borden Institute,
	http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/biological_warfare/biological.html

	 Michael Wines (9 December 2002). "Grand Soviet Scheme for Sharing Water in Central Asia Is Foundering". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/09/world/grand-soviet-scheme-for-sharing-water-in-central-asia-is-foundering.html

 "Аральск-7 — закрытый город-призрак, где испытывали биологическое оружие". Big Picture. 2014-
http://bigpicture.ru/?p=482671

http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/11/29/abandoned-anthrax-vozrozhdeniye-island/


Berdsk bioweapons production facility, Berdsk
Bioweapons research facility, Obolensk
Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Omutninsk
Institute of Engineering Immunology, Lyubuchany
Institute of Virus Preparations
Kirov bioweapons production facility, Kirov, Kirov Oblast
Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services
Zagorsk smallpox production facility, Zagorsk

Kazakh Science Center for the Quarantine of Zoonotic Diseases, Almaty: contains plague, anthrax, tularemia; facilities are to be replaced by the more modern Central Reference Laboratory in collaboration with the US Defense Threat Reduction Agency.[

Yuri Anatolievich Ovchinnikov
(Russian: Юрий Анатольевич Овчинников; 2 August 1934 – 17 February 1988) was a Soviet bioorganic chemist. He was the youngest vice president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1971-1988) and a member of the Central Committee of CPSU. He was a leading proponent of using molecular biology and genetics for creating new types of biological weapons.
 Ovchinnikov was director of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry in Moscow.
He contributed to the field of biophysics and biochemistry through research in rhodopsin  and structural biolog

 Birstein, Vadim J. (2004), The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science, Westview Press ISBN 0-8133-4280-5.

 "Octopus rhodopsin. Amino acid sequence deduced from cDNA"
https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980388-0
https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-5793
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3366250

"Primary structure of α-subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli"
https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2877%2980131-2
https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-3468

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/
http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/11813/
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/agency/bw.htm
MIT Technology Review article featuring a lecture by Dr. Serguei Popov, a former Biopreparat researcher working on recombinant DNA techniques for developing novel biological weapons
http://www.technologyreview.com/BioTech/wtr_16485,306,p1.html

Article from James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies report: "FORMER SOVIET BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS FACILITIES IN KAZAKHSTAN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE". Also describes Biopreparat in some detail
http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011111170136/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/opapers/op1/op1.htm



Colonel Kanatzhan "Kanat" Alibekov (Kazakh: Қанатжан Әлібеков, Qanatzhan Älibekov; Russian: Канатжан Алибеков, Kanatzhan Alibekov; born 1950) – known as Kenneth "Ken" Alibek since 1992 – is a former Soviet physician, microbiologist, and biological warfare (BW) expert. He rose rapidly in the ranks of the Soviet Army to become the First Deputy Director of Biopreparat, where he oversaw a vast program of BW facilities.

During his heyday as a Soviet bio-weapons designer, in the late 1970s and 1980s, Alibekov oversaw projects that included weaponizing glanders and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and created Russia's first tularemia bomb.[1] Perhaps his signal accomplishment was the creation of a new "battle strain" of anthrax, known as "Strain 836", later hailed by the Los Angeles Times as "the most virulent and vicious strain of anthrax known to man".[2][3]

In 1992, he defected to the United States; he has since become an American citizen and made his living as a biodefense consultant, speaker, and entrepreneur. He had actively participated in the development of biodefense strategy for the U.S. government, and between 1998 and 2005 he testified several times before the U.S. Congress and other governments on biotechnology issues.

Alibek published more than 80 articles
in classified journals on the development of new types of biological weapons and on medical aspects of biodefense prior to his defection to the United States.

https://www.c-span.org/person/?kennethalibek

Testimony before the Subcommittee on Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack, Committee on Homeland Security, US House of Representatives, July 28, 2005: "Implementing a National Biodefense Strategy"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080802025742/http://www.nti.org/e_research/official_docs/congress/house071305Alibek.pdf

Testimony before the House Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, October, 2001: "Combating Terrorism: Assessing the Threat of a Biological Weapons Attack", House Serial No. 107-103
https://web.archive.org/web/20080512201303/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Cuba/Biological/3490_3502.html

House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, March 1999 Biological Warfare Threats
https://fas.org/irp/congress/2001_rpt/h106-1054.html

Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Prevention of Nuclear and Biological Attack, July, 2005: "Engineering Bio-terror Agents: Lessons Learned from the Offensive US and Russian Biological Weapons Programs"
https://fas.org/irp/congress/2005_hr/bioterror.html

Alibek resigned as executive director of GMU's National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases in September 2006, despite his position as a tenured Distinguished Professor. A University spokeswoman confirmed his resignation, but declined to comment on the circumstances surrounding his departure. According to a 2007 Los Angeles Times article, "Alibek said the college administration had grown displeased with his company's role in sharing grant-funded research. The university, he said, requested that he dismantle or leave AFG Biosolutions. He chose to resign from George Mason

In a September 2003 news release, Alibek and another professor suggested, based on their laboratory research, that smallpox vaccination might increase a person's resistance to HIV.

Alibek and colleagues have sought to develop a product that would protect against an array of deadly viruses and bacteria, rather than just a single organism. In his lab, mice had survived doses of smallpox and anthrax

Some experts question Alibek's characterizations of bioterrorism threats. Some have asserted that Alibek has a vested interest in raising fears, since he profits from government contracts related to countering bioterrorism. Retired Army major general and physician Philip K. Russell, while impressed by Alibek's knowledge of the former Soviet Union's production of anthrax, "began to think that Ken was more fanciful than precise in some of his recollections" where genetically engineered smallpox was concerned. Russell also remarked on "... the issue of putting Ebola genes into smallpox virus. That was viewed, at least in many of our minds, as somewhat fanciful. And probably not true.

 Willman, David (2007), "Selling the Threat of Bioterrorism", The Los Angeles Times, 1 July 2007.
 http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/01/nation/na-alibek1

Random samples
http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/summary/298/5592/359b

Some observers have questioned the scientific credibility of Alibek's recent work and his motivations




_______________


Jacobsen, Annie (2015), The Pentagon's Brain: An Uncensored History of DARPA, America's Top Secret Military Research Agency; New York: Little, Brown and Company,



Some in US:

The Deseret Chemical Depot a U.S. Army chemical weapon storage area located in Utah, 60 miles (100 km) southwest of Salt Lake City. It is related to the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility.

As of January 2007, 7,593 tons (6,888 metric tons) of chemical weapons have been destroyed using incineration. All GB (sarin) was destroyed by March 2002 and all VX by June 2005.
By March 15, 2009, 3,216 ton containers and 54,453 projectiles of mustard gas had been destroyed (51.5% of Deseret's mustard agent stockpile
 All Tabun (GA) was destroyed by November 10, 2011. Disposal of land mines containing mustard gas as well as a small stockpile of Lewisite has not been completed. All disposal operations concluded January 21, 2012

At 9:24 AM UTC-07, September 5, 2002, officials at the depot triggered the Terrorist Alert Warning System in response to an unidentified intruder being spotted just inside the 7-foot barbed wire fencing at Cemetery Ridge, a mile north of the incinerator
Army officials later stated that the black-clad trespasser, sighted by four different soldiers during two different patrols,  immediately ran off towards Ophir Creek, escaping capture, according to the depot Commander, Col. Peter C. Cooper.  Despite the immediate setting up of roadblocks and a combined search by Army units and helicopters, no trace of the intruder was found

During the 2005 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission (BRAC), Deseret Chemical Depot was recommended for closure if it was determined that it could not be used in the future for the demilitarization of conventional weapons. In such a case, supplies contained at the depot would be transferred to nearby Tooele Army Depot.[20] Deseret Chemical Depot officially closed July 11, 2013; however, it is unclear whether or not the hundreds of government employees and contractors employed at the time have transferred to other bases

Mesesan, Mark. "Deseret Chemical Depot Closes, Transitions Installation to Tooele Army Depot
http://www.army.mil/article/107472/Deseret_Chemical_Depot_closes__transitions_installation_to_Tooele_Army_Depot/


The United States Army Chemical Materials Activity (CMA) is a separate reporting activity of the United States Army Materiel Command (AMC). Its role is to enhance national security by securely storing the remaining U.S. chemical warfare materiel stockpiles, while protecting the work force, the public and the environment to the maximum extent.
CMA leads the world in chemical weapons destruction with a demonstrated history of safely storing, recovering, assessing and destroying materials that remain as a legacy of the former U.S. chemical weapons program. CMA managed destruction of all U.S. chemical weapons stockpiles except for the two that fall under the Department of Defense Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives program.

United States Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command
https://www.army.mil/e2/c/downloads/419775.pdf

https://www.cma.army.mil/about/


 Project 112 and Project SHAD

 Ed Regis (15 November 1999). The Biology of Doom: The History of America's Secret Germ Warfare Project. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-8050-5764-5.
 https://books.google.com/books?id=tStgQgAACAAJ

 "Secret Testing in the United States". The American Experience. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/weapon-secret-testing/

 "U.S. Army Activity in the U.S. Bio-warfare Program" (PDF). The National Security Archive, The Gelman Library, George Washington University.
 http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB58/RNCBW_USABWP.pdf

 "Project 112/SHAD News Releases"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130726035612/http://mcm.dhhq.health.mil/cb_exposures/project112_shad/shadnewsReleases.aspx

 Mitchell, Jon, "'Were we marines used as guinea pigs on Okinawa?'
 http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/fl20121204zg.html


The Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (PEO ACWA)
Mission:	Destroy Chemical Weapons Stockpile
 is responsible for the safe and environmentally sound destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles stored at the Blue Grass Army Depot, Kentucky and the U.S. Army Pueblo Chemical Depot, Colorado. In 1996, the United States Congress established the ACWA program to test and demonstrate alternative technologies to baseline incineration for the destruction of chemical weapons. The ACWA program oversaw the design and construction of the two chemical weapons destruction pilot plants – the Pueblo Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (PCAPP) in Colorado, and the Blue Grass Chemical Agent-Destruction Pilot Plant (BGCAPP) in Kentucky. Today, PCAPP is in its pilot testing phase, and BGCAPP is in the systemization phase. ACWA will oversee both plants through pilot testing, operations and closure.
Both ACWA facilities are required to complete destruction of chemical weapons by Dec. 31, 2023

http://beta.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/3610/text

 "Department of Defense Report : Chemical Demilitarization Program : Semi-Annual Report to Congress"
 http://www.peoacwa.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/May09_CDP_Semi-Annual_Rpt_to_Congress.pdf

 http://www.peoacwa.army.mil/about-peo-acwa/chain-of-command/

 Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (2016-12-11). "Facts: Anniston Field Office".
 https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2016/12/11/facts-anniston-field-office/
https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2019/04/30/international-team-performs-final-review/
https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/2018/07/27/more-than-half-of-blue-grass-systems-turned-over-to-operations

Chemical Weapons Convention Web Page
https://www.cwc.gov/
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Web Page
http://www.opcw.org/
Program Manager Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives Web Page
https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/
Chemical Materials Activity (CMA)
https://www.cma.army.mil/


Tooele Army Depot (TEAD) is a United States Army post in Tooele County, Utah. It serves as a storage site for war reserve and training ammunition. The depot stores, issues, receives, renovates, modifies, maintains and demilitarizes conventional munitions. The depot also serves as the National Inventory Control Point for ammunition peculiar equipment, developing, fabricating, modifying, storing and distributing such equipment to all services and other customers worldwide. TEAD provides base support to Deseret Chemical Depot.
Tooele Army Depot originally opened in 1942 during the early phase of U.S. involvement in World War II. The workforce at the post is now primarily composed of civilians. A full colonel serves as the commander. As of June 2018, Colonel Todd W. Burnley is the depot commander.
Capabilities of the depot include: engineering; explosives performance testing; logistical support; machining, fabrication, assembly, repair; robotics; non-destructive testing; demilitarization; laser cutting; and Slurry Emulsion Manufacturing Facility
// for what is on ground known..
TEAD is housed on 23,610 acres (95.5 km2) with 1,093 buildings, 902 igloos and storage capacity of 2,483,000 square feet (230,700 m2)
TEAD was placed on the Environmental Protection Agency’s National Priority List (Superfund) in 1990

http://www.jmc.army.mil/FactSheets/FactSheets%202008/Tooele%20Army%20Depot.pdf
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/tooele.htm
http://www.tooele.army.mil/
Joint Munitions Command website
http://www.jmc.army.mil/



Dugway Proving Ground (DPG) is a U.S. Army facility established in 1942 to test biological and chemical weapons, located about 85 miles (140 km) southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, and 13 miles south of the 2,624 sq mi Utah Test and Training Range forming the largest overland special use airspace in the United States.

" [Dugway is] the new Area 51. And probably the new military spacepor "

" The Oh-My-God particle was the highest-energy cosmic ray detected so far (as of 2019), by the Fly's Eye detector in Dugway Proving Ground, Utah "

The Granite Peak Installation (GPI) — also known as Granite Peak Range — was a U.S. biological weapons testing facility located on 250 square miles (650 km2) of Dugway Proving Ground in Utah. The GPI was a sub-installation of Dugway but had its own facilities, including utilities.
GPI was the U.S. bio-weapons program's main testing site. Granite Peak was a sub-installation of Dugway Proving Ground and many of GPI's administrative task were overseen by the post commander at Dugway.

The Army Chemical Corps exposed over 11,000 guinea pigs to Brucella suis via air-dropped M33s.
Brucella suis is a bacterium that causes swine brucellosis, a zoonosis that affects pigs
The guinea pig trials caused one Chemical Corps general to remark, "Now we know what to do if we ever go to war against guinea pigs"

Linksin web:

1
https://web.archive.org/web/20191017032902/https://war-lab.blogspot.com/2019/10/biological-chemical-dna-wepons-and.html
http://archive.is/YLtxN
2
https://web.archive.org/web/20191017032701/https://war-lab.blogspot.com/2019/10/dna-weapons-biological-chemical.html
http://archive.is/ScMph