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The concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere is measured in parts per million (ppm). Historically, pre-industrial levels of CO₂ were around 280 ppm. Today, we are over 420 ppm.

Critical thresholds:
- 350 ppm: Considered the safe upper limit to avoid the worst impacts of climate change.
- 450 ppm: Associated with a high risk of triggering severe climate impacts, such as more extreme weather events and significant sea level rise.

At levels above 450 ppm, the risks of catastrophic climate impacts increase significantly. It's crucial to take action to reduce CO₂ emissions to mitigate these risks.