# Python Module Index

Python Module Index

    _
    __builtin__             The module that provides the built-in namespace.
    __future__              Future statement definitions
    __main__                The environment where the top-level script is run.
    _winreg (Windows)       Routines and objects for manipulating the Windows registry.

    a
    abc                     Abstract base classes according to PEP 3119.
    aepack (Mac)            Deprecated: Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers.
    aetools (Mac)           Deprecated: Basic support for sending Apple Events
    aetypes (Mac)           Deprecated: Python representation of the Apple Event Object Model.
    aifc                    Read and write audio files in AIFF or AIFC format.
    al (IRIX)               Deprecated: Audio functions on the SGI.
    AL (IRIX)               Deprecated: Constants used with the al module.
    anydbm                  Generic interface to DBM-style database modules.
    applesingle (Mac)       Deprecated: Rudimentary decoder for AppleSingle format files.
    argparse                Command-line option and argument parsing library.
    array                   Space efficient arrays of uniformly typed numeric values.
    ast                     Abstract Syntax Tree classes and manipulation.
    asynchat                Support for asynchronous command/response protocols.
    asyncore                A base class for developing asynchronous socket handling services.
    atexit                  Register and execute cleanup functions.
    audioop                 Manipulate raw audio data.
    autoGIL (Mac)           Deprecated: Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops.

    b
    base64                  RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings
    BaseHTTPServer          Basic HTTP server (base class for SimpleHTTPServer and CGIHTTPServer).
    Bastion                 Deprecated: Providing restricted access to objects.
    bdb                     Debugger framework.
    binascii                Tools for converting between binary and various ASCII-encoded binary representations.
    binhex                  Encode and decode files in binhex4 format.
    bisect                  Array bisection algorithms for binary searching.
    bsddb                   Interface to Berkeley DB database library
    buildtools (Mac)        Deprecated: Helper module for BuildApplet, BuildApplication and macfreeze.
    bz2                     Interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with bzip2.

    c
    calendar                Functions for working with calendars, including some emulation of the Unix cal program.
    Carbon
    cd (IRIX)               Deprecated: Interface to the CD-ROM on Silicon Graphics systems.
    cfmfile (Mac)           Deprecated: Code Fragment Resource module.
    cgi                     Helpers for running Python scripts via the Common Gateway Interface.
    CGIHTTPServer           This module provides a request handler for HTTP servers which can run CGI scripts.
    cgitb                   Configurable traceback handler for CGI scripts.
    chunk                   Module to read IFF chunks.
    cmath                   Mathematical functions for complex numbers.
    cmd                     Build line-oriented command interpreters.
    code                    Facilities to implement read-eval-print loops.
    codecs                  Encode and decode data and streams.
    codeop                  Compile (possibly incomplete) Python code.
    collections             High-performance datatypes
    ColorPicker (Mac)       Deprecated: Interface to the standard color selection dialog.
    colorsys                Conversion functions between RGB and other color systems.
    commands (Unix)         Deprecated: Utility functions for running external commands.
    compileall              Tools for byte-compiling all Python source files in a directory tree.
    compiler                Deprecated: Python code compiler written in Python.
    ConfigParser            Configuration file parser.
    contextlib              Utilities for with-statement contexts.
    Cookie                  Support for HTTP state management (cookies).
    cookielib               Classes for automatic handling of HTTP cookies.
    copy                    Shallow and deep copy operations.
    copy_reg                Register pickle support functions.
    cPickle                 Faster version of pickle, but not subclassable.
    cProfile
    crypt (Unix)            The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords.
    cStringIO               Faster version of StringIO, but not subclassable.
    csv                     Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.
    ctypes                  A foreign function library for Python.
    curses (Unix)           An interface to the curses library, providing portable terminal handling.

    d
    datetime                Basic date and time types.
    dbhash                  DBM-style interface to the BSD database library.
    dbm (Unix)              The standard "database" interface, based on ndbm.
    decimal                 Implementation of the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification.
    DEVICE (IRIX)           Deprecated: Constants used with the gl module.
    difflib                 Helpers for computing differences between objects.
    dircache                Deprecated: Return directory listing, with cache mechanism.
    dis                     Disassembler for Python bytecode.
    distutils               Support for building and installing Python modules into an existing Python installation.
    dl (Unix)               Deprecated: Call C functions in shared objects.
    doctest                 Test pieces of code within docstrings.
    DocXMLRPCServer         Self-documenting XML-RPC server implementation.
    dumbdbm                 Portable implementation of the simple DBM interface.
    dummy_thread            Drop-in replacement for the thread module.
    dummy_threading         Drop-in replacement for the threading module.

    e
    EasyDialogs (Mac)       Deprecated: Basic Macintosh dialogs.
    email                   Package supporting the parsing, manipulating, and generating email messages, including MIME documents.
    encodings
    ensurepip               Bootstrapping the ''pip'' installer into an existing Python installation or virtual environment.
    errno                   Standard errno system symbols.
    exceptions              Standard exception classes.

    f
    fcntl (Unix)            The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls.
    filecmp                 Compare files efficiently.
    fileinput               Loop over standard input or a list of files.
    findertools (Mac)       Wrappers around the finder's Apple Events interface.
    fl (IRIX)               Deprecated: FORMS library for applications with graphical user interfaces.
    FL (IRIX)               Deprecated: Constants used with the fl module.
    flp (IRIX)              Deprecated: Functions for loading stored FORMS designs.
    fm (IRIX)               Deprecated: Font Manager interface for SGI workstations.
    fnmatch                 Unix shell style filename pattern matching.
    formatter               Generic output formatter and device interface.
    fpectl (Unix)           Provide control for floating point exception handling.
    fpformat                Deprecated: General floating point formatting functions.
    fractions               Rational numbers.
    FrameWork (Mac)         Deprecated: Interactive application framework.
    ftplib                  FTP protocol client (requires sockets).
    functools               Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects.
    future_builtins

    g
    gc                      Interface to the cycle-detecting garbage collector.
    gdbm (Unix)             GNU's reinterpretation of dbm.
    gensuitemodule (Mac)    Create a stub package from an OSA dictionary
    getopt                  Portable parser for command line options; support both short and long option names.
    getpass                 Portable reading of passwords and retrieval of the userid.
    gettext                 Multilingual internationalization services.
    gl (IRIX)               Deprecated: Functions from the Silicon Graphics Graphics Library.
    GL (IRIX)               Deprecated: Constants used with the gl module.
    glob                    Unix shell style pathname pattern expansion.
    grp (Unix)              The group database (getgrnam() and friends).
    gzip                    Interfaces for gzip compression and decompression using file objects.

    h
    hashlib                 Secure hash and message digest algorithms.
    heapq                   Heap queue algorithm (a.k.a. priority queue).
    hmac                    Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication (HMAC) implementation
    hotshot                 High performance logging profiler, mostly written in C.
    htmlentitydefs          Definitions of HTML general entities.
    htmllib                 Deprecated: A parser for HTML documents.
    HTMLParser              A simple parser that can handle HTML and XHTML.
    httplib                 HTTP and HTTPS protocol client (requires sockets).

    i
    ic (Mac)                Deprecated: Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config.
    icopen (Mac)            Deprecated: Internet Config replacement for open().
    imageop                 Deprecated: Manipulate raw image data.
    imaplib                 IMAP4 protocol client (requires sockets).
    imgfile (IRIX)          Deprecated: Support for SGI imglib files.
    imghdr                  Determine the type of image contained in a file or byte stream.
    imp                     Access the implementation of the import statement.
    importlib               Convenience wrappers for __import__
    imputil                 Deprecated: Manage and augment the import process.
    inspect                 Extract information and source code from live objects.
    io                      Core tools for working with streams.
    itertools               Functions creating iterators for efficient looping.

    j
    jpeg (IRIX)             Deprecated: Read and write image files in compressed JPEG format.
    json                    Encode and decode the JSON format.

    k
    keyword                 Test whether a string is a keyword in Python.

    l
    lib2to3                 the 2to3 library
    linecache               This module provides random access to individual lines from text files.
    locale                  Internationalization services.
    logging                 Flexible event logging system for applications.

    m
    macerrors (Mac)         Deprecated: Constant definitions for many Mac OS error codes.
    MacOS (Mac)             Deprecated: Access to Mac OS-specific interpreter features.
    macostools (Mac)        Deprecated: Convenience routines for file manipulation.
    macpath                 Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions.
    macresource (Mac)       Deprecated: Locate script resources.
    mailbox                 Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
    mailcap                 Mailcap file handling.
    marshal                 Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back (with different constraints).
    math                    Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).
    md5                     Deprecated: RSA's MD5 message digest algorithm.
    mhlib                   Deprecated: Manipulate MH mailboxes from Python.
    mimetools               Deprecated: Tools for parsing MIME-style message bodies.
    mimetypes               Mapping of filename extensions to MIME types.
    MimeWriter              Deprecated: Write MIME format files.
    mimify                  Deprecated: Mimification and unmimification of mail messages.
    MiniAEFrame (Mac)       Support to act as an Open Scripting Architecture (OSA) server ("Apple Events").
    mmap                    Interface to memory-mapped files for Unix and Windows.
    modulefinder            Find modules used by a script.
    msilib (Windows)        Creation of Microsoft Installer files, and CAB files.
    msvcrt (Windows)        Miscellaneous useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime.
    multifile               Deprecated: Support for reading files which contain distinct parts, such as some MIME data.
    multiprocessing         Process-based "threading" interface.
    mutex                   Deprecated: Lock and queue for mutual exclusion.

    n
    Nav (Mac)               Deprecated: Interface to Navigation Services.
    netrc                   Loading of .netrc files.
    new                     Deprecated: Interface to the creation of runtime implementation objects.
    nis (Unix)              Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) library.
    nntplib                 NNTP protocol client (requires sockets).
    numbers                 Numeric abstract base classes (Complex, Real, Integral, etc.).

    o
    operator                Functions corresponding to the standard operators.
    optparse                Deprecated: Command-line option parsing library.
    os                      Miscellaneous operating system interfaces.
    ossaudiodev             Access to OSS-compatible audio devices.
        (Linux, FreeBSD)

    p
    parser                  Access parse trees for Python source code.
    pdb                     The Python debugger for interactive interpreters.
    pickle                  Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.
    pickletools             Contains extensive comments about the pickle protocols and pickle-machine opcodes, as well as some useful functions.
    pipes (Unix)            A Python interface to Unix shell pipelines.
    PixMapWrapper (Mac)     Deprecated: Wrapper for PixMap objects.
    pkgutil                 Utilities for the import system.
    platform                Retrieves as much platform identifying data as possible.
    plistlib                Generate and parse Mac OS X plist files.
    popen2                  Deprecated: Subprocesses with accessible standard I/O streams.
    poplib                  POP3 protocol client (requires sockets).
    posix (Unix)            The most common POSIX system calls (normally used via module os).
    posixfile (Unix)        Deprecated: A file-like object with support for locking.
    pprint                  Data pretty printer.
    profile                 Python source profiler.
    pstats                  Statistics object for use with the profiler.
    pty (Linux)             Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux.
    pwd (Unix)              The password database (getpwnam() and friends).
    py_compile              Generate byte-code files from Python source files.
    pyclbr                  Supports information extraction for a Python class browser.
    pydoc                   Documentation generator and online help system.

    q
    Queue                   A synchronized queue class.
    quopri                  Encode and decode files using the MIME quoted-printable encoding.

    r
    random                  Generate pseudo-random numbers with various common distributions.
    re                      Regular expression operations.
    readline (Unix)         GNU readline support for Python.
    resource (Unix)         An interface to provide resource usage information on the current process.
    rexec                   Deprecated: Basic restricted execution framework.
    rfc822                  Deprecated: Parse 2822 style mail messages.
    rlcompleter             Python identifier completion, suitable for the GNU readline library.
    robotparser             Loads a robots.txt file and answers questions about fetchability of other URLs.
    runpy                   Locate and run Python modules without importing them first.

    s
    sched                   General purpose event scheduler.
    ScrolledText (Tk)       Text widget with a vertical scroll bar.

    select                  Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.
    sets                    Deprecated: Implementation of sets of unique elements.
    sgmllib                 Deprecated: Only as much of an SGML parser as needed to parse HTML.
    sha                     Deprecated: NIST's secure hash algorithm, SHA.
    shelve                  Python object persistence.
    shlex                   Simple lexical analysis for Unix shell-like languages.
    shutil                  High-level file operations, including copying.
    signal                  Set handlers for asynchronous events.
    SimpleHTTPServer        This module provides a basic request handler for HTTP servers.
    SimpleXMLRPCServer      Basic XML-RPC server implementation.
    site                    Module responsible for site-specific configuration.
    smtpd                   A SMTP server implementation in Python.
    smtplib                 SMTP protocol client (requires sockets).
    sndhdr                  Determine type of a sound file.
    socket                  Low-level networking interface.
    SocketServer            A framework for network servers.
    spwd (Unix)             The shadow password database (getspnam() and friends).
    sqlite3                 A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.
    ssl                     TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
    stat                    Utilities for interpreting the results of os.stat(), os.lstat() and os.fstat().
    statvfs                 Deprecated: Constants for interpreting the result of os.statvfs().
    string                  Common string operations.
    StringIO                Read and write strings as if they were files.
    stringprep              String preparation, as per RFC 3453
    struct                  Interpret strings as packed binary data.
    subprocess              Subprocess management.
    sunau                   Provide an interface to the Sun AU sound format.
    sunaudiodev (SunOS)     Deprecated: Access to Sun audio hardware.
    SUNAUDIODEV (SunOS)     Deprecated: Constants for use with sunaudiodev.
    symbol                  Constants representing internal nodes of the parse tree.
    symtable                Interface to the compiler's internal symbol tables.
    sys                     Access system-specific parameters and functions.
    sysconfig               Python's configuration information
    syslog (Unix)           An interface to the Unix syslog library routines.

    t
    tabnanny                Tool for detecting white space related problems in Python source files in a directory tree.
    tarfile                 Read and write tar-format archive files.
    telnetlib               Telnet client class.
    tempfile                Generate temporary files and directories.
    termios (Unix)          POSIX style tty control.
    test                    Regression tests package containing the testing suite for Python.
    textwrap                Text wrapping and filling
    thread                  Create multiple threads of control within one interpreter.
    threading               Higher-level threading interface.
    time                    Time access and conversions.
    timeit                  Measure the execution time of small code snippets.
    Tix                     Tk Extension Widgets for Tkinter
    Tkinter                 Interface to Tcl/Tk for graphical user interfaces
    token                   Constants representing terminal nodes of the parse tree.
    tokenize                Lexical scanner for Python source code.
    trace                   Trace or track Python statement execution.
    traceback               Print or retrieve a stack traceback.
    ttk                     Tk themed widget set
    tty (Unix)              Utility functions that perform common terminal control operations.
    turtle                  Turtle graphics for Tk
    types                   Names for built-in types.

    u
    unicodedata             Access the Unicode Database.
    unittest                Unit testing framework for Python.
    urllib                  Open an arbitrary network resource by URL (requires sockets).
    urllib2                 Next generation URL opening library.
    urlparse                Parse URLs into or assemble them from components.
    user                    Deprecated: A standard way to reference user-specific modules.
    UserDict                Class wrapper for dictionary objects.
    UserList                Class wrapper for list objects.
    UserString              Class wrapper for string objects.
    uu                      Encode and decode files in uuencode format.
    uuid                    UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122

    v
    videoreader (Mac)       Deprecated: Read QuickTime movies frame by frame for further processing.

    w
    W (Mac)                 Deprecated: Widgets for the Mac, built on top of FrameWork.
    warnings                Issue warning messages and control their disposition.
    wave                    Provide an interface to the WAV sound format.
    weakref                 Support for weak references and weak dictionaries.
    webbrowser              Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers.
    whichdb                 Guess which DBM-style module created a given database.
    winsound (Windows)      Access to the sound-playing machinery for Windows.
    wsgiref                 WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.

    x
    xdrlib                  Encoders and decoders for the External Data Representation (XDR).
    xml                     Package containing XML processing modules
    xmlrpclib               XML-RPC client access.

    z
    zipfile                 Read and write ZIP-format archive files.
    zipimport               support for importing Python modules from ZIP archives.
    zlib                    Low-level interface to compression and decompression routines compatible with gzip.